Qino: Difference between revisions
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Verbs in Qino fall into three main conjugation classes. In terms of meaning, verbs can be classified into two categories: stative and eventive verbs. | Verbs in Qino fall into three main conjugation classes. In terms of meaning, verbs can be classified into two categories: stative and eventive verbs. | ||
Stative verbs usually refer to a state of being (e.g. ''kusli'' "to be fat"). Some may refer to an ongoing action (e.g. ''arki'' "to see"). Some class 1 and all class 3 verbs fall into this category. | Stative verbs usually refer to a state of being (e.g. ''kusli'' "to be fat"). Some may refer to an ongoing action (e.g. ''arki'' "to see"). Some class 1, a few class 2, and all class 3 verbs fall into this category. | ||
Eventive verbs refer to an event, which may be an action (e.g. ''cabbi'' "to drink") or the entering of a state (inchoative - e.g. ''raagi'' "to become late/old"). Most class 1 and all class 2 verbs fall into this category. Inchoative verbs in the past tense may be used for a present state - e.g. ''fahmé'' "I came to understand" = "I understand". | Eventive verbs refer to an event, which may be an action (e.g. ''cabbi'' "to drink") or the entering of a state (inchoative - e.g. ''raagi'' "to become late/old"). Most class 1 & 2 and all class 2 verbs fall into this category. Inchoative verbs in the past tense may be used for a present state - e.g. ''fahmé'' "I came to understand" = "I understand". | ||
====Class 1: Non-adjectival Root Verbs==== | ====Class 1: Non-adjectival Root Verbs==== | ||
Non-adjectival root verbs may follow either suffix or prefix conjugations, depending on whether the stem begins in a vowel or a consonant. | Non-adjectival root verbs may follow either suffix or prefix conjugations, depending on whether the stem begins in a vowel or a consonant. | ||
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The passive can be used (in the 3SM) | The passive can be used (in the 3SM) as a pseudopassive - e.g. ''Ardamé'' "(Someone) ran" (literally: "It was run"). | ||
=====Class 2b: ''-s-'' Causative===== | =====Class 2b: ''-s-'' Causative===== | ||
Formed with the suffix ''-(i)s-'' (single causative) or ''-(i)siis-'' (double causative). Follows suffix conjugation. | Formed with the suffix ''-(i)s-'' (single causative) or ''-(i)siis-'' (double causative). Follows suffix conjugation. | ||
It is used for the causative. The double causative is often used with transitive verbs - e.g. ''cabbi'' "to drink" → ''cabsi'' "to give (someone/something) a drink" (can only take one accusative object) vs ''cabsiisi'' "to give (someone) (something) to drink" (can take two accusative objects) | |||
=====Class 2c: ''-at-'' Middle===== | =====Class 2c: ''-at-'' Middle===== | ||
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::''kulussi'' "to make fat" → ''kulussati'' "to make oneself fat; to become fat (intentionally); to make (something) fat for one's benefit" | ::''kulussi'' "to make fat" → ''kulussati'' "to make oneself fat; to become fat (intentionally); to make (something) fat for one's benefit" | ||
This suffix may be derive verbs from nouns and inchoatives from statives. | |||
=====Class 2d: ''-oow-'' Inchoative===== | =====Class 2d: ''-oow-'' Inchoative===== | ||
Formed with the suffix ''-oow-''. Mostly formed from adjectives and nouns. Follows suffix conjugation with the expected irregularities (i.e. loss of ''-w-'' in certain situations). | Formed with the suffix ''-oow-''. Mostly formed from adjectives and nouns. Follows suffix conjugation with the expected irregularities (i.e. loss of ''-w-'' in certain situations). | ||