Qino: Difference between revisions
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====Derivation==== | ====Derivation==== | ||
=====Verb derivation affixes===== | =====Verb derivation affixes===== | ||
All derivation suffixes cause the verb to follow the suffix conjugation pattern. For more information, see [[Qino#Class 2: Suffix-derived Verbs|Suffix-derived Verbs]]. When formed from a noun, a suffix (often ''-aa-'') may be added before the suffix. | All derivation suffixes cause the verb to follow the suffix conjugation pattern. For more information, see [[Qino#Class 2: Suffix-derived Verbs|Suffix-derived Verbs]]. When formed from a noun or adjective, a suffix (often ''-aa-'') may be added before the suffix. | ||
*Causative: ''-(i)s-''; ''-(i)siis-'' <!--(Denominal: ''-aas-'') -->- e.g. '' | *Causative: ''-(i)s-''; ''-(i)siis-'' <!--(Denominal: ''-aas-'') -->- e.g. ''casaasi'' "to make red", ''sheensiisi'' "to make (someone) give" | ||
*Passive: ''-am-'' - e.g. ''sheenami'' "to be given" | *Passive: ''-am-'' - e.g. ''sheenami'' "to be given" | ||
*Middle: ''-at-'' <!--(Denominal: ''-aat-'')-->- e.g. ''sheenati'' "to bring for oneself", ''jacalaati'' "to come to love". This suffix has some irregularities. | *Middle: ''-at-'' <!--(Denominal: ''-aat-'')-->- e.g. ''sheenati'' "to bring for oneself", ''jacalaati'' "to come to love". This suffix has some irregularities. | ||
** The ''-t-'' becomes ''-dh-'' in the first person singular and in the imperative - e.g. '' | ** The ''-t-'' becomes ''-dh-'' in the first person singular and in the imperative - e.g. ''jacalaadhé'' "I came to love" vs ''jacalaaté'' "he came to love". | ||
**The verbal noun is formed with the suffix ''-ashu'' (''f.'') | **The verbal noun is formed with the suffix ''-ashu'' (''f.'') | ||
*Inchoative: ''-oow-'' - e.g. ''casoowi'' "to become red" | *Inchoative: ''-oow-'' - e.g. ''casoowi'' "to become red" | ||
Verbs may also be derived by prefixes, but this is mostly non-productive. If the prefix begins in a vowel, the verb follows the prefix conjugation. Otherwise, it follows the suffix conjugation. Prefixes include inchoative ''a-'', middle ''t-'', mediopassive ''m-'', and causative ''s-''. | Verbs may also be derived by prefixes, but this is mostly non-productive. If the prefix begins in a vowel, the verb follows the prefix conjugation. Otherwise, it follows the suffix conjugation. Prefixes include inchoative ''a-'', middle ''t-'', mediopassive ''m-'', and causative ''s-''. | ||
:e.g. ''le'' "to have" → ''alli'' "to obtain" | :e.g. ''le'' "to have" → ''alli'' "to obtain" | ||
::''addhi'' "to say" → ''taddhi'' "to think" | ::''addhi'' "to say" → ''taddhi'' "to think" ("to say to oneself") | ||
Verbs can also be derived by reduplication, forming intensives. | Verbs can also be derived by reduplication, forming intensives. | ||
:e.g. ''jhiri'' "to cut" → ''jhirjhiri'' "to cut in small pieces" | :e.g. ''jhiri'' "to cut" → ''jhirjhiri'' "to cut in small pieces" | ||