Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions
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!−3!!−2!!−1!!0!!1!!2!!3!!/Downstep | !−3!!−2!!−1!!0!!1!!2!!3!!/Downstep | ||
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|Mood/Evidential/Mirative||Applicative prefix|| | |Mood/Evidential/Mirative||Applicative prefix||Imperfective prefix||'''STEM'''||Supplementary aspect||Supplementary voice||Voice-TAM-Subject-Object||Voice-TAM-Subject-Object | ||
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======Past imperfective====== | ======Past imperfective====== | ||
The past imperfective indicates a background event or events that happened in the past frequently or over a period of time. Therefore it corresponds to past frequentative, habitual or progressive. | |||
======Past perfective====== | ======Past perfective====== | ||
The past perfective, preterite, or aorist is for events that were completed at some point in time in the past. | |||
======Future imperfective====== | ======Future imperfective====== | ||
Future imperfective is also used as imperatives where the imperfectiveness of the action is emphasized ("[you shall] always/regularly strive!"). | The future imperfective indicates actions which will take place in the future but whose aspectual meaning is similar to past imperfective. Future imperfective is also used as imperatives where the imperfectiveness of the action is emphasized ("[you shall] always/regularly strive!"). | ||
======Future | ======Future perfective====== | ||
The future perfective denotes actions which will be completed at some point in the future. | |||
======Jussive====== | ======Jussive====== | ||
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===Predicative possession=== | ===Predicative possession=== | ||
"X has Y" is expressed with the verb ''[[Themsaran/gîe|gîe]]'' (exist, there is) followed by the possessive noun phrase "Y-indefinite-of X", if X is animate. If X is inanimate, the construction ''X ā Y'' ('X is with Y') is used. | "X has Y" is expressed with the verb ''[[Themsaran/gîe|gîe]]'' (exist, there is) followed by the possessive noun phrase "Y-indefinite-of X", if X is animate. If X is inanimate, the construction ''X ā Y'' ('X is with Y') is used. | ||
==Comparison== | |||
The comparative particle 'than' is ''rā''. Themsaran enables one to discriminate "He loved me more than she [loved me]" and "He loved me more than [he loved] her", by fronting the constituent in the main clause that is compared. | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase = žá hārbenín slá rā žî | |||
|IPA=/ʒá hàːrbeninꜜ sláꜜ ráːʒíꜜiː/ | |||
|morphemes = žá he-arb-nin/ slár pī žî | |||
|gloss = 3SG.M PAST.IPFV-teach/PAST.IPFV.PSS.3SG.M>1SG more.ADV than 3SG.F | |||
|meaning=He taught me more than she did.}} | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase = na̋ hārbenín slá rā žî | |||
|IPA=/náː hàːrbeninꜜ sláꜜ ráːʒiꜜiː/ | |||
|morphemes = na̋ he-arb-nin/ slár pī žî | |||
|gloss = 1SG PAST.IPFV-teach/PAST.IPFV.PSS.3SG.M>1SG more.ADV than 3SG.F | |||
|meaning=He taught me more than he did her.}} | |||
===Subordinating clauses=== | ===Subordinating clauses=== | ||
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||NNV||OSV||SOV | ||NNV||OSV||SOV | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Proximate/Obviative==== | ====Proximate/Obviative==== | ||
The 3rd person, or proximate, marks topical or foreground referents, while the 4th person, or obviative, refers to background referents. | |||
The span governed by a discourse topic varies widely among writers; while earlier writers maintained a strict distinction between proximate and obviative reference in narrating events, later writers preferred a much shorter span, often only a single sentence, thereby reducing the scope of the obviative system to that of a topic-focus system. | The span governed by a discourse topic varies widely among writers; while earlier writers maintained a strict distinction between proximate and obviative reference in narrating events, later writers preferred a much shorter span, often only a single sentence, thereby reducing the scope of the obviative system to that of a topic-focus system. | ||
====Relative clauses==== | ====Relative clauses==== | ||
Any pronoun which corefers with the head of the relative clause is in the | Any pronoun which corefers with the head of the relative clause is in the inverse person (or first/second person if referring to first/second person). | ||
====Indirect speech==== | ====Indirect speech==== | ||
If the complement clause's subject corefers with the subject of the main clause, it is left unstated in the complement clause. Otherwise the third- or fourth-person pronoun is used as the subject as appropriate. | If the complement clause's subject corefers with the subject of the main clause, it is left unstated in the complement clause. Otherwise the third- or fourth-person pronoun is used as the subject as appropriate. | ||
==="Impersonal" sentences=== | ==="Impersonal" sentences=== | ||