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Minhast: Difference between revisions
Evidentials and Miratives should occur BEFORE subordinators! Duh!
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(Evidentials and Miratives should occur BEFORE subordinators! Duh!) |
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! width="100"| Affix | ! width="100"| Affix | ||
! Notes | ! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="9" |Evidentials | ! rowspan="9" |Evidentials | ||
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| -rawāš-<br/> -rawaš-<br/>-warāš-<br/> -waraš- | | -rawāš-<br/> -rawaš-<br/>-warāš-<br/> -waraš- | ||
| Indicates the speaker is determined that the state or event shall be fulfilled; if accompanied by a negator, it conveys the meaning "never". The "-warāš-/-waraš-" forms occur when preceded by the Transitivizer ''-u''; in the Upper Minhast dialects, excluding the Seal and Elk Speaker dialects, the underlying ''n''-form of the Transitivizer surfaces, e.g. ''Ušneknesunwaraš'' ("I will definitely hit him!") | | Indicates the speaker is determined that the state or event shall be fulfilled; if accompanied by a negator, it conveys the meaning "never". The "-warāš-/-waraš-" forms occur when preceded by the Transitivizer ''-u''; in the Upper Minhast dialects, excluding the Seal and Elk Speaker dialects, the underlying ''n''-form of the Transitivizer surfaces, e.g. ''Ušneknesunwaraš'' ("I will definitely hit him!") | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Imperative (Emphatic) | |||
| -ška | |||
| The Emphatic Imperative is usually used in cases of urgency, such as emergencies; outside that, it is considered course or otherwise rude. | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Subordinative | |||
! General | |||
| -mā <br/> -pā-<br/><br/>-pamā-<br/> -pāš-<br/>-pamāš- | |||
| English translation: "then, and then, that". This suffix is the most commonly encountered Subordinative affix. Its primary use is to link Sequential clauses. It also interacts with other verbal affixes in clause combining operations to form conditionals, complements, and other clause types. <br/><br/>The allomorph ''-pā/pamā'' is a fusion of the Antipassive affix ''-pi'' + ''-mā''. The allomorph ''-pāš/-pamāš'' is a fusion of the Antipassive affix ''-pi'' + ''-mā'' + Irrealis ''-š''. | |||
|- | |||
! Purposive | |||
| -nimmā <br/>-pannamā-<br/>-pannamāš- | |||
| English translation: "in order to". The Irrealis ''-š'' may cliticize to this affix under certain conditions, such as for non-past tenses, hypothetical statements, counterfactuals, and any other situation where the verb marked by ''=nimmā'' was not realized. <br/><br/>The allomorph ''-pannamā'' is a portmanteau of the Antipassive with the Purposive, ''-pi'' + ''-nimmā''. Similarly, the form ''-pannamāš-'' is a fusion of the Antipassive, Purposive, and Irrealis markers, ''-pi'' + ''-mā'' + ''-nimmā-'' + ''-š'' | |||
|- | |||
! Quotative | |||
| -namā | |||
| English: "Thus (x) says/said". Marks the following clause as direct speech. This affix allows for the breaking of the S/O pivot. | |||
|- | |||
<!--! Indirect Quotative | |||
| -tamā | |||
| English: "(s/he) said that". Marks the following clause as indirect speech. | |||
|- | |||
--> | |||
|- | |||
! Consequential | |||
| -dur- <br/> -dūr- | |||
| Indicates the clause is a direct result of the preceding clause. May or may not be preceded by a ''-mā'' clause. If the Irrealis ''-š'' is attached, the affix's final consonant elides to the Irrealis, yielding the form ''-duš/dūš''. This affix allows for the breaking of the S/O pivot. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Irrealis | ! colspan="2" | Irrealis | ||
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The Irrealis is required with certain affixes, such as the Desiderative and allied forms, the Conative, the Inclinative, and the Future tenses. | The Irrealis is required with certain affixes, such as the Desiderative and allied forms, the Conative, the Inclinative, and the Future tenses. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" height="70" | Nominalizer | ! colspan="2" height="70" | Nominalizer | ||