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Minhast: Difference between revisions
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→Demonstrative Particles
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===Demonstrative Particles=== | ===Demonstrative Particles=== | ||
The demonstrative particles can be divided into two classes, a spatial class and a temporal class. Both classes, with a few exceptions, have at least three forms, an independent form, and two forms for preposed ''wa='' and postposed ''wa='' constructions. | The demonstrative particles can be divided into two classes, a spatial class and a temporal class. Both classes, with a few exceptions, have at least three forms, an independent form, and two forms for preposed ''wa='' and postposed ''wa='' constructions. | ||
The spatial class also has an Interjective form, usually best translated as "Here ''x'' is/are!", "There ''x'' is/are!" The forms that are bound by the ''wa='' Connective always require a clause to bind to. In contrast, the Interjective forms must immediately precede standalone NPs, thus they are not bound by the ''wa='' Connective and cannot be followed by or embedded within a clause. | The spatial class also has an Interjective form, usually best translated as "Here ''x'' is/are!", "There ''x'' is/are!" The forms that are bound by the ''wa='' Connective always require a clause to bind to. In contrast, the Interjective forms must immediately precede standalone NPs, thus they are not bound by the ''wa='' Connective and cannot be followed by or embedded within a clause. | ||
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| | | | ||
# attim | # attim | ||
# | # damikmān | ||
| attim wa= | | attim wa= | ||
| wattim | | wattim | ||
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| | | | ||
# runa | # runa | ||
# | # damikmān | ||
| runa wa= | | runa wa= | ||
| warruna | | warruna | ||
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| | | | ||
# sukku | # sukku | ||
# | # damikmān | ||
| sukku wa= | | sukku wa= | ||
| wassukku | | wassukku | ||
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As tense in Minhast is relative, all temporal particles operate under a relative time reference, a reference based not on the speech act, but on the connected discourse of the speaker's narrative. | As tense in Minhast is relative, all temporal particles operate under a relative time reference, a reference based not on the speech act, but on the connected discourse of the speaker's narrative. | ||
The particle '' | The particle ''damikmān'' can refer to the recent past, present or future time as well, dependent on its exact semantic meaning from the tense marker in the verb, whereas the other temporal markers mark explicit time spaces independent of the verb's tense marker. | ||
Native speakers report that '' | Native speakers report that ''damikmān'' conveys a hightened sense of uncertainty because of its sole reliance on the verb's tense marker, but based on both data from both recorded speech and texts, the particle oftentimes appears to mark definite endpoints in relation to a reference point that is recoverable by all speech participants. | ||
One final note on '' | One final note on ''damikmān'': the particle always appears at the head of a clause and cannot be preceded by a ''wa''-Construction, nor can it be followed by a ''wa''-Construction. | ||
Textual examples of the use of '' | Textual examples of the use of ''damikmān'' illustrate how the particle derives its semantic meaning in marking a time reference: | ||
1) Example of Remote Past: | 1) Example of Remote Past: | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Damikmān Anyar iknatūmašnerrannimmāš raħkibayherradikminessuš. | ||
|IPA = | |IPA = | ||
| morphemes = | | morphemes = damikmān anyar kna-∅-šerr-an-nimm-mā-š raħk-bayhe-redad-km-ness-u-š | ||
| gloss = PTCL PN.ABS go-NOM-RMT.PST-INTR-PURP-SUB-IRR APPL.ABL-seek.help-men-3S.ACC+3P.NOM-FUT-TRN-IRR | | gloss = PTCL PN.ABS go-NOM-RMT.PST-INTR-PURP-SUB-IRR APPL.ABL-seek.help-men-3S.ACC+3P.NOM-FUT-TRN-IRR | ||
| translation = On that day, Anyar went [to Attum Attar] to seek help from their men. | | translation = On that day, Anyar went [to Attum Attar] to seek help from their men. | ||
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2) Example of Recent Past: | 2) Example of Recent Past: | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Damikmān Izzye išpisaxlaxmakkarusašša. | ||
|IPA = | |IPA = | ||
| morphemes = | | morphemes = damikmān izzye šp-saxt-laxmakk-ar-u-sašša | ||
| gloss = PTCL father CAUS-INCH-anger-PST-INTR-SEMB | | gloss = PTCL father CAUS-INCH-anger-PST-INTR-SEMB | ||
| translation = It seems that he angered Dad a few days ago. | | translation = It seems that he angered Dad a few days ago. | ||
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3) Example of Future: | 3) Example of Future: | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Damikmān Yešker hanessanwašša. | ||
|IPA = | |IPA = | ||
| morphemes = | | morphemes = damikmān yešker ha-ness-an-wašša | ||
| gloss = PTCL PN come-FUT-INTR-INFER | | gloss = PTCL PN come-FUT-INTR-INFER | ||
| translation = Yešker should be arriving soon. | | translation = Yešker should be arriving soon. | ||