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Valthungian/Nouns: Difference between revisions
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In the plural, Masculine and feminine nouns usually take –as as an ending; neuter takes –a. The genitive plural takes –aro, borrowed from Latin. The dative plural takes –am, but in many cases this ending undergoes a process of metathesis, rendering it –ma. Finally, the accusative plural of masculine and feminine nouns is usually –ans, but again may metathesise to –nas; neuter accusative plurals generally take –a. | In the plural, Masculine and feminine nouns usually take –as as an ending; neuter takes –a. The genitive plural takes –aro, borrowed from Latin. The dative plural takes –am, but in many cases this ending undergoes a process of metathesis, rendering it –ma. Finally, the accusative plural of masculine and feminine nouns is usually –ans, but again may metathesise to –nas; neuter accusative plurals generally take –a. | ||
Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section of this document in order to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge. | Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[Valthungian#Phonology|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section of this document in order to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge. | ||
==a-Stems (Masculine & Neuter)== | ==a-Stems (Masculine & Neuter)== | ||
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{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"| Strong Masculine a-stem: ''[[Contionary: slēps|slēps]]'' ‘sleep’ | ! colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"| Strong Masculine a-stem: ''[[Contionary: slēps#Valthungian|slēps]]'' ‘sleep’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
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===ija-Stems=== | ===ija-Stems=== | ||
The ija-stems are a variation of the ja-stems, but these follow stems with long vowels or multiple consonants or syllables before the ending. (This is the modern Valthungian reflex of something called [[wiki:Siever's Law#Sievers's_law_in_Germanic|Siever’s Law]].) The main difference between ja-stems and ija-stems in Modern Valthungian is that there is no palatalisation in the nominative and genitive singular, though there is still umlaut. (This same pattern occurs in the class 1 weak verbs.) | The ija-stems are a variation of the ja-stems, but these follow stems with long vowels or multiple consonants or syllables before the ending. (This is the modern Valthungian reflex of something called [[wiki: Siever's Law#Sievers's_law_in_Germanic|Siever’s Law]].) The main difference between ja-stems and ija-stems in Modern Valthungian is that there is no palatalisation in the nominative and genitive singular, though there is still umlaut. (This same pattern occurs in the class 1 weak verbs.) | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ija|mīr|mīr|observer}} | {{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ija|mīr|mīr|observer}} | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ija|futl|fytl|full moon}} | {{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ija|futl|fytl|full moon}} | ||
===wa-Stems=== | ===wa-Stems=== | ||
The wa-stems nouns have –w– after the stem instead of | The wa-stems nouns have –w– after the stem instead of –j–, and they tend to be a lot less dramatic than the j-stems because there is no palatalisation or umlaut or Siever’s Law to worry about. They are, however, plagued by another rule called [[wiki: Holtzmann's Law|Holtzmann’s Law]] – or an extension of it, anyway – which causes an unexpected –g– to pop up in a few of the declensions. | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.wa|skað|shadow}} | {{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.wa|skað|shadow}} | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.wa|mil|flour}} | {{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.wa|mil|flour}} | ||
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===ijō-Stems=== | ===ijō-Stems=== | ||
The ijō-stems are a bit weird, mainly because the nominative singular seems to have collapsed in Proto-Germanic into a single -i (more of [[wiki:Siever's Law|Siever’s]] shenanigans), leaving a modern reflex of a simple -e following an unumlauted, unpalatalised stem. Otherwise, the ijō-stems are indistinguishable from the jō-stems in modern Valthungian. | The ijō-stems are a bit weird, mainly because the nominative singular seems to have collapsed in Proto-Germanic into a single -i (more of [[wiki: Siever's Law|Siever’s]] shenanigans), leaving a modern reflex of a simple -e following an unumlauted, unpalatalised stem. Otherwise, the ijō-stems are indistinguishable from the jō-stems in modern Valthungian. | ||
{{Template: Valthungian/n.st.f.ijō|hundr|hyndr|century}} | {{Template: Valthungian/n.st.f.ijō|hundr|hyndr|century}} | ||
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The ju-stems are to the u-stems as the ja-stems are to the a-stems. There is umlaut and palatalisation throughout the paradigm. Once again, the masculine and feminine declensions are identical. | The ju-stems are to the u-stems as the ja-stems are to the a-stems. There is umlaut and palatalisation throughout the paradigm. Once again, the masculine and feminine declensions are identical. | ||
The neuter u-stem only exists in newly-borrowed Latin or Latinate words ending in –ium (e.g. '''''[[aluminio#Valthungian|aluminio]]''''' ‘aluminum’), while earlier borrowings of neuter nouns in –ium tend to be ja- or ija-stems (e.g. '''''[[ōraloge#Valthungian|ōraloge]]''''' ‘clock’, from ''[[wikt:horologium|hōrologium]]'') | The neuter u-stem only exists in newly-borrowed Latin or Latinate words ending in –ium (e.g. '''''[[aluminio#Valthungian|aluminio]]''''' ‘aluminum’), while earlier borrowings of neuter nouns in –ium tend to be ja- or ija-stems (e.g. '''''[[ōraloge#Valthungian|ōraloge]]''''' ‘clock’, from ''[[wikt: horologium|hōrologium]]'') | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ju|dryn|voice}} | {{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ju|dryn|voice}} | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.f.ju-pal|wǣǧ|wall}} | {{Template:Valthungian/n.st.f.ju-pal|wǣǧ|wall}} | ||
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The r/n-stems, also known as “heteroclitic nouns” or “heteroclites,” are a small group of weak neuter nouns in which the typical -n- of the ending is replaced by -r- in some declensions. This is and old, ''old'' relic likely from Pre-Indo-European. Heteroclites were not present in Gothic. They are all somewhat irregular, but there are just three of them: | The r/n-stems, also known as “heteroclitic nouns” or “heteroclites,” are a small group of weak neuter nouns in which the typical -n- of the ending is replaced by -r- in some declensions. This is and old, ''old'' relic likely from Pre-Indo-European. Heteroclites were not present in Gothic. They are all somewhat irregular, but there are just three of them: | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: ǧikur|ǧikur]]'' ‘liver’ | ! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: ǧikur#Valthungian|ǧikur]]'' ‘liver’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width=150|n.wk.n.r/n | ! width=150|n.wk.n.r/n | ||
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{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: fōr|fōr]]'' ‘fire’ | ! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: fōr#Valthungian|fōr]]'' ‘fire’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width=150|n.wk.n.r/n | ! width=150|n.wk.n.r/n | ||
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{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: watra|watra]]'' ‘water’ | ! colspan=5| Weak Neuter r/n-Stem Noun: ''[[Contionary: watra#Valthungian|watra]]'' ‘water’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width=150|n.wk.n.r/n | ! width=150|n.wk.n.r/n | ||