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Additionally, there was a rare subclass of ''ō''-stem nouns known as ''ī/jō''-stems. These nouns | Additionally, there was a rare subclass of ''ō''-stem nouns known as ''ī/jō''-stems. These nouns toom the ending *''-ī'' in the nominative singular. All other case and number combinations took the regular ''ō''-stem endings preceded by *''-(i)j-'' (according to Siever's Law). | ||
====''i''-stems==== | ====''i''-stems==== | ||
Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same. | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
! !! colspan="2"| *minþiz ''f.'' "mind" || colspan="2"| *mari ''n.'' "sea" | ! !! colspan="2"| *minþiz ''f.'' "mind" || colspan="2"| *mari ''n.'' "sea" | ||
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====''u''-stems==== | ====''u''-stems==== | ||
Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same. | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
! !! colspan="2"| *farþuz ''m.'' "port" || colspan="2"| *harnu ''n.'' "horn" | ! !! colspan="2"| *farþuz ''m.'' "port" || colspan="2"| *harnu ''n.'' "horn" | ||
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====''an''-stems==== | ====''an''-stems==== | ||
Could be any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same.<!-- Feminine ''n''-stems were rare, since most original cases were reformed to ''ōn''-stems.--> | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
! !! colspan="2"| * | ! !! colspan="2"| *gemǭ ''m.'' "man" <!--|| colspan="2"| *ahtijō ''f.'' "action" -->|| colspan="2"| *namǭ ''n.'' "name" || colspan="2"| *ankwǭ ''n.'' "fat, grease" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| rowspan="2"| *gem''' | | rowspan="2"| *gem'''ǭ''' | ||
| rowspan="2"| *gem'''aniz''' | | rowspan="2"| *gem'''aniz''' | ||
<!--| rowspan="2"| *aht'''ijô''' | <!--| rowspan="2"| *aht'''ijô''' | ||
| rowspan="2"| *aht'''īniz'''--> | | rowspan="2"| *aht'''īniz'''--> | ||
| rowspan="3"| *nam''' | | rowspan="3"| *nam'''ǭ''' | ||
| rowspan="3"| *nam'''nō''' | | rowspan="3"| *nam'''nō''' | ||
| rowspan="3"| *ankw''' | | rowspan="3"| *ankw'''ǭ''' | ||
| rowspan="3"| *anw'''anō''' | | rowspan="3"| *anw'''anō''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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'''Note:''' | '''Note:''' | ||
#As shown in the case of *'' | #As shown in the case of *''namǭ'', the expected *''-an-'' in endings was reduced to *''-n-'' in some nouns. In some other nouns, it was instead replaced with *''-in-''. <!--Generally, neuter nouns ending in *''-mô'' follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.--> | ||
<!--#''*ahtijô'' is an example of a ''ijô''-type '' ''n''-stem, where expected ''-ijin-'' is contracted to ''-īn-''. Similarly, in '' | <!--#''*ahtijô'' is an example of a ''ijô''-type '' ''n''-stem, where expected ''-ijin-'' is contracted to ''-īn-''. Similarly, in ''jǭ''-type ''n''-stems, expected ''-jin-'' is contracted to ''-in-''.--> | ||
#Some ''an''-stems | #Some ''an''-stems had an irregular nominative singular ending (or, in the case of neuter nouns, nominative-vocative-accusative singular ending). | ||
#''an''-stems whose nominative singular | #''an''-stems whose nominative singular ended in *''-ijǭ'' or ''-jǭ'' had *''-īn-'' and *''-in-'' respectively instead of expected **''-ijan-'' or **''-jan-''. | ||
====''ōn''-stems==== | ====''ōn''-stems==== | ||
Masculine or feminine. | Masculine or feminine. | ||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
! !! colspan="2"| * | ! !! colspan="2"| *ahtijǭ ''f.'' "action" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| rowspan="2"| *ahtij''' | | rowspan="2"| *ahtij'''ǭ''' | ||
| rowspan="2"| *ahtij'''ōniz''' | | rowspan="2"| *ahtij'''ōniz''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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====''r''-stems==== | ====''r''-stems==== | ||
Masculine or feminine | Masculine or feminine. | ||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
! !! colspan="2"| *mōþēr ''f.'' "mother" || colspan="2"| *hanþōr ''m.'' "singer" | ! !! colspan="2"| *mōþēr ''f.'' "mother" || colspan="2"| *hanþōr ''m.'' "singer" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Note:''' The nominative singular ended in either *''-ēr'' or *''-ōr''. Otherwise, the vowel *''-ē-'' or *''-ō-'' was dropped (as shown above) or, in the case of some nouns, shortened to *''-e-'' or *''-a-'' respectively. | |||
====''z''-stems==== | ====''z''-stems==== | ||
Any gender. Masculine and feminine were declined the same. | |||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
! !! colspan="2"| *amōz ''m.'' "love" !! colspan="2"| *þimfaz ''n.'' "time" | ! !! colspan="2"| *amōz ''m.'' "love" !! colspan="2"| *þimfaz ''n.'' "time" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Note:''' The usual ending for the masculine/feminine nominative-vocative singular | '''Note:''' The usual ending for the masculine/feminine nominative-vocative singular was *''-s'' (which often led to minor stem changes), and in the neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular there was usually no suffix. However, there were many nouns that were irregular in those forms. | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Most adjectives could be declined strong or weak. The class of an adjective was determined by its strong conjugation. The weak conjugation was originally derived from a combination of the adjective with a following emphatic particle (akin to Latin ''enim'') that was reanalyzed as an ''n''-stem ending. | |||
====''a/ō''-stem adjectives==== | ====''a/ō''-stem adjectives==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative/<br />Vocative | ! Nominative/<br />Vocative | ||
| *twen''' | | *twen'''ǭ''' | ||
| *twen'''aniz''' | | *twen'''aniz''' | ||
| *twen''' | | *twen'''ǭ''' | ||
| *twen'''ōniz''' | | *twen'''ōniz''' | ||
| rowspan="2"| *twen''' | | rowspan="2"| *twen'''ǭ''' | ||
| rowspan="2"| *twen'''anō''' | | rowspan="2"| *twen'''anō''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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====''ja/jō''-stem adjectives==== | ====''ja/jō''-stem adjectives==== | ||
These | These were a sub-type of ''a/ō''-stem adjectives with a *''-j-'' or *''-ij-'' (according to Siever's Law) before the ending and were declined as such. However, in the weak forms, expected **''-ija-'' became *''-ī-'' and **''-ja-'' became *''-i-''. | ||
====''i''-stem adjectives==== | ====''i''-stem adjectives==== | ||
These | These were declined identically to ''ja/jō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-iz'' and *''-į/it'' respectively instead of the expected **''-(i)jaz'' and **''-(i)ją/(i)jat''. Additionally, the masculine accusative singular could take the ending *''-in'' as an alternative to expected *''-(i)jan''. | ||
The weak forms | The weak forms were identical to those of ''ja/jō''-stems. | ||
====Consonant-stem adjectives==== | ====Consonant-stem adjectives==== | ||
These | These were declined identically to ''a/ō''-stem adjectives except in the masculine nominative singular and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular, which took the endings *''-s'' and *''—'' respectively (or other irregular ending(s)) instead of the expected **''-az'' and **''-ą/at''. | ||
The weak forms | The weak forms were identical to those of ''a/ō''-stems. | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
#When two forms are given, the first | #When two forms are given, the first was the stressed form and the second was the unstressed form. | ||
#Possessive adjectives | #Possessive adjectives were always strong. | ||
====3rd person pronoun==== | ====3rd person pronoun==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| * | | *safsǭ | ||
| *safsaniz | | *safsaniz | ||
| * | | *safsǭ | ||
| *safsōniz | | *safsōniz | ||
| rowspan="2"| * | | rowspan="2"| *safsǭ | ||
| rowspan="2"| *safsanō | | rowspan="2"| *safsanō | ||
|- | |- | ||
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! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| *þrēz | | *þrēz | ||
| * | | *þriþjǭ | ||
| *þris | | *þris | ||
| *þriflaz | | *þriflaz | ||
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! 4 | ! 4 | ||
| *hwettwōr | | *hwettwōr | ||
| * | | *hwetarþǭ | ||
| *hwetris | | *hwetris | ||
| *hwetriflaz | | *hwetriflaz | ||
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! 5 | ! 5 | ||
| *hwinhw | | *hwinhw | ||
| * | | *hwinhtǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 6 | ! 6 | ||
| *sehs | | *sehs | ||
| * | | *sehstǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| *siftį | | *siftį | ||
| * | | *siftimǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 8 | ! 8 | ||
| *ahtō | | *ahtō | ||
| * | | *ahtōwǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 9 | ! 9 | ||
| *nawį | | *nawį | ||
| * | | *naunǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 10 | ! 10 | ||
| *tihį | | *tihį | ||
| * | | *tihimǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 11 | ! 11 | ||
| *ainatigį | | *ainatigį | ||
| * | | *ainatihimǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 12 | ! 12 | ||
| *twatigį | | *twatigį | ||
| * | | *twatihimǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 13 | ! 13 | ||
| *þritigį | | *þritigį | ||
| * | | *þritihimǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 14 | ! 14 | ||
| *hwettwōrtigį | | *hwettwōrtigį | ||
| * | | *hwettwōrtihimǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 15 | ! 15 | ||
| *hwinhtigį | | *hwinhtigį | ||
| * | | *hwinhtihimǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 16 | ! 16 | ||
| *sehstigį | | *sehstigį | ||
| * | | *sehstihimǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 17 | ! 17 | ||
| *siftintigį | | *siftintigį | ||
| * | | *siftintihimǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 18 | ! 18 | ||
| *ahtōtigį | | *ahtōtigį | ||
| * | | *ahtōtihimǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 19 | ! 19 | ||
| *nawintigį | | *nawintigį | ||
| * | | *nawintijimǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 20 | ! 20 | ||
| *wīginþī | | *wīginþī | ||
| * | | *wīginsǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 30 | ! 30 | ||
| *þrīginþō | | *þrīginþō | ||
| * | | *þrīginsǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 40 | ! 40 | ||
| *hwatrōginþō | | *hwatrōginþō | ||
| * | | *hwatrōginsǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 50 | ! 50 | ||
| *hwinhwōginþō | | *hwinhwōginþō | ||
| * | | *hwinhwōginsǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 60 | ! 60 | ||
| *sehsōginþō | | *sehsōginþō | ||
| * | | *sehsōginsǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 70 | ! 70 | ||
| *seftumōginþō | | *seftumōginþō | ||
| * | | *seftumōginsǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 80 | ! 80 | ||
| *ahtōginþō | | *ahtōginþō | ||
| * | | *ahtōginsǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 90 | ! 90 | ||
| *naunōginþō | | *naunōginþō | ||
| * | | *naunōginsǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 100 | ! 100 | ||
| *hinþą | | *hinþą | ||
| * | | *hinsǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! 1000 | ! 1000 | ||
| *smīgislī | | *smīgislī | ||
| * | | *smīgislidǭ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
*''*ainaz'' "one" | *''*ainaz'' "one" was declined as an ''a/ō''-stem adjective. | ||
*''*twō'' "two" | *''*twō'' "two" was declined as below: | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Declension of *''twō'' "two" (pl.) | |+ Declension of *''twō'' "two" (pl.) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
*''*þrēz'' "three" | *''*þrēz'' "three" was declined similarly to a plural ''i''-stem noun. | ||
*Numbers from 4- | *Numbers from 4-20 and decades from 20-90 were undeclined. | ||
*''*hinþą'' "hundred" | *''*hinþą'' "hundred" was declined as a neuter noun. | ||
*''*smīgillī'' "thousand" | *''*smīgillī'' "thousand" was declined as an ''ī/jō''-stem feminine noun. | ||
* | *Most ordinal numbers were exclusively declined weak (as indicated in the above table with the ending ''-ǭ'') except for 1st and 2nd. | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== |
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