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→Participles
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====Participles==== | ====Participles==== | ||
The participial verbal forms are formed with the bare root of the verb, marked with the participial marker {{sc|ppl}} ''aC₂(a)-'' (a modified form of the gnomic aspect marker {{sc|gnom}} ''aC₂C₂a-'') and an epenthetic suffix ''-i/-ĭ'' that takes over the slot of the person-tense marker. This works as an infinitive participle, and can furtherly be inflected for tense and aspect. The forms of the {{sc|ppl}} fused with the verbal tense structural primary verbal aspects, and most used participles are: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=5| Marking !! rowspan=2| Conveyed tense | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| -3 !! -2 !! 0 !! 2 | |||
|- | |||
| 1 || rowspan=3| {{sc|ppl}} '''''aC₂(a)-''''' || {{sc|perfect}} '''''C₂a-/C₂o-''''' || rowspan=3| √{{sc|root}} || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || {{sc|past}} | |||
|- | |||
| 2 || style="text-align:center"| Ø || {{sc|subject.present}} || {{sc|present}} | |||
|- | |||
| 3 || {{sc|prospective}} '''''C₂ora-/oC₂osa-''''' || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || {{sc|future}} | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Marked with the forms: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| Participle !! {{sc|ppl}} !! Primary aspect marker !! Person-tense marker !! Participle prefix ''(-3)·(-2)-'' | |||
|- | |||
| 1 || Past participle || rowspan=3| ''aC₂(a)-'' || ''C₂a-/C₂o-'' || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || '''''aC₂C₂(V)-''''' | |||
|- | |||
| 2 || Present participle || Ø || {{sc|subject.present}} || '''''aC₂(V)-''''' | |||
|- | |||
| 3 || Future participle || ''C₂ora-/oC₂osa-'' || {{sc|subject.non-present}} || '''''aC₂Vr(V)-''''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
For example: | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2| ‹axxamaxi nēr› | |||
|- | |||
| /ˈax.xa.ma.xi || neːɾ/ | |||
|- | |||
| {axxa-max-i || ne-er} | |||
|- | |||
| {aC₂C₂(V)-max-i || ne-Vr} | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|ppl}}-to.cut-{{sc|ppl}} || trees-{{sc|def.col}} | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=2| ''“the cut trees”'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
All other combinations of {{sc|ppl}}+(aspect marker) are also allowed. | |||
====Referent anaphora==== | ====Referent anaphora==== | ||
=====Anaphoric reference shift particle===== | =====Anaphoric reference shift particle===== | ||