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→Referent anaphora
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====Referent anaphora==== | ====Referent anaphora==== | ||
=====Anaphoric reference shift particle===== | =====Anaphoric reference shift particle===== | ||
The anaphoric marker states that the referent of the verb has changed. <!--It can be __ or is different than that of the most closely before person mentioned.--> This is to avoid the ambiguity of sentences like the following: | |||
:''“Tavar hit Perit. He cried”'' | |||
Given a sequence of actions like the one above, performed by actuants (A or S) of the same level of semantically adscribed animaciy, it is necessary to mark wether the sequence of actions (hitting, then crying) belongs to the same referent, or if the referent of the first action is different than that of the latter. To mark that the actuant of the crying, S, is now ''Perit'' (formerly the non-actuant, O, of the hitting), and no longer ''Tavar'' (actuant, A, of the hitting), either the verb itself or the pronoun -most commonly the verb, given the pro-drop feature of the language- is suffixed with one of the following particles: | |||
::{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=3 style="background:LightBlue"| '''{-Vn, -an, -on} /C_''' || -Vn > [√a, o] | |||
|- | |||
| -an > [√V<sub>rounded</sub>C] | |||
|- | |||
| -on > [√V<sub>unrounded</sub>C] | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=3 style="background:LightBlue"| '''{-Vt, -at, -ot} /C_''' || -Vt > [√a, o] | |||
|- | |||
| -at > [√V<sub>rounded</sub>C] | |||
|- | |||
| -ot > [√V<sub>unrounded</sub>C] | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=3 style="background:LightBlue"| '''{-Vk, -ak, -ok} /C_''' || -Vk > [√a, o] | |||
|- | |||
| -ak > [√V<sub>rounded</sub>C] | |||
|- | |||
| -ok > [√V<sub>unrounded</sub>C] | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=3 style="background:LightBlue"| '''{-Vs̆, -as̆, -os̆} /C_''' || -Vs̆ > [√a, o] | |||
|- | |||
| -as̆ > [√V<sub>rounded</sub>C] | |||
|- | |||
| -os̆ > [√V<sub>unrounded</sub>C] | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
This would render the aforementioned sentence (''"Tavar hit Perit. He cried"'') into the unambiguously marked: | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=6| ''‹anTavar sakĕssiteš tenPerit. Lamma xabaxlitešen›'' | |||
|- | |||
| /an.ta.ˈvaɾ || sa.ˈkøs.si.teʃ || ten.pe.ˈɾit || <nowiki>|</nowiki> || ˈlam.ma || xa.ˈbax.li.te.ʃen/ | |||
|- | |||
| {an-Tavar || sa-kĕs-siteš || ten-Perit || <nowiki>|</nowiki> || Ø-lam-ma || xa-bax-liteš-en} | |||
|- | |||
| {an-Tavar || C₂a-kĕs-liteš || tVn-Perit || <nowiki>|</nowiki> || Ø-lam-Ca || C₂a-bax-liteš-Ø-Vn} | |||
|- | |||
| ERG.ANIM.SG-Tavar || PERF-to.hit-3S.ANIM.MASC.NPRES || ABS.ANIM.SG-Perit || <nowiki>|</nowiki> || NOM.ANIM.S-LAM-PRON.S || PERF-to.cry-3S.ANIM.MASC.NPRES.IND-{{sc|shift}} | |||
|- | |||
| colspan=6 | ''“Tavar hit Perit. He cried”'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
''Tavar'' did the hitting, ''Perit'' the crying. | |||
=====Use of the obviate===== | =====Use of the obviate===== | ||
The obviative form of the tense-person marker, used to mark agreement of verbs with the less animate actor of a clause with different actors of the same semanticly adscribed degree of animacy, as it sepparates actors, can be used on its own to mark the shift in referent within a single clause, while the anaphoric reference shift particle can also be used over longer discourse segments. | |||
===Animacy, control and volition=== | ===Animacy, control and volition=== | ||