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Kola: Difference between revisions
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Native verbs normally end in ''-ä'', which is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. Verbs ending in other vowels add suffixes after their final vowel (with appropriate sandhi effects). | Native verbs normally end in ''-ä'', which is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. Verbs ending in other vowels add suffixes after their final vowel (with appropriate sandhi effects). | ||
'''Passive''' is formed with the suffix ''-wa'' in the present and ''-ule'' in the perfect | '''Passive''' is formed with the suffix ''-wa'' in the present and ''-ule'' in the perfect. | ||
:e.g. *ጔዷ ''gweddwa'' "to be walked", *ጔዱሌ ''gweddule'' "to have been walked" (doesn't make sense, but you get the idea). | |||
'''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-ishä'' in the present and ''-ishe'' in the perfect (the ''-i-'' is dropped. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected | '''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-ishä'' in the present and ''-ishe'' in the perfect (the ''-i-'' is dropped. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected. | ||
:e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezzishä'' "to cause to walk", ጔዚሼ ''gwezzishe'' "to have caused to walk". | |||
'''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)lä'' in the present and ''-(ï)le'' in the perfect. This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected | '''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)lä'' in the present and ''-(ï)le'' in the perfect. This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected. | ||
:e.g. ጔድለ ''gweddïlä'' "to walk to", ጔድሌ ''gweddïle'' "to have walked to". | |||
Suffixes can be stacked in the order '''applicative-causative-passive'''. Only the final suffix changes in the perfect. | Suffixes can be stacked in the order '''applicative-causative-passive'''. Only the final suffix changes in the perfect. | ||