Guide:IPA

Consonant charts

Pulmonic consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Epiglottal	Glottal
Nasal	m̥ m	ɱ	n̪	n̥ n	n̠	ɳ		ɲ̥ ɲ	ŋ̊ ŋ	ɴ
Plosive	p b	p̪ b̪	t̪ d̪	t d	t̠ d̠	ʈ ɖ		c ɟ	k g	q ɢ		ʡ	ʔ
Affricate	p͡ɸ b͡β	p̪͡f b̪͡v	t̪͡θ d̪͡ð	t͡s d͡z	t͡ʃ d͡ʒ	ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ	t͡ɕ d͡ʑ	c͡ç ɟ͡ʝ	k͡x g͡ɣ
Fricative	ɸ β	f v	θ ð	s z θ̠ ð̠	ʃ ʒ	ʂ ʐ	ɕ ʑ	ç ʝ	x ɣ	χ ʁ	ħ ʕ	ʜ ʢ	h ɦ
Approximant	β̞	ʋ		ɹ		ɻ		j	ɰ
Trill	ʙ			r		ɽ͡r				ʀ		я
Flap or tap	ⱱ̟	ⱱ		ɾ		ɽ				ɢ̆		ʡ̯
Lateral fric.				ɬ ɮ		ɭ˔̊		ʎ̥˔	ʟ̝̊ ʟ̝
Lateral app.				l		ɭ		ʎ	ʟ
Lateral flap				ɺ		ɺ̠		ʎ̯

Non-pulmonic consonants

Ejectives

Ejective consonants are marked in the IPA with an apostrophe. Voiced ejectives are thought by many to be impossible for humans to produce.

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Epiglottal	Glottal
Plosive	p'			t'		ʈ'		c'	k'	q'
Affricate	p͡ɸ'	p̪͡f'			t͡ʃ'	ʈ͡ʂ'	t͡ɕ'	c͡ç'	k͡x'
Fricative	ɸ'	f'	θ'	s'	ʃ'	ʂ'	ɕ'	ç'	x'	χ'

Vowel chart

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i y		ɨ ʉ		ɯ u
Near-close		ɪ ʏ	ɪ̈ ʊ̈	ʊ
Close-mid	e ø		ɘ ɵ		ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞		ə		ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ		ɜ ɞ		ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ		ɐ
Open	a ɶ		ä		ɑ ɒ

Here is another version of the vowel chart:

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i • y ɨ • ʉ ɯ • u ɪ • ʏ ɪ̈ • ʊ̈ • ʊ e • ø ɘ • ɵ ɤ • o e̞ • ø̞ ə ɤ̞ • o̞ ɛ • œ ɜ • ɞ ʌ • ɔ æ • ɐ a • ɶ ä ɑ • ɒ
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open