Atlantic/Older version: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 32: Line 32:
Long vowels /iː uː/ were diphthongized to /ai̯ au̯/ when in open syllables, while they shortened and merged into /i u/ in other cases: <small>LV̄NA</small> > ''rauna'' "moon", <small>VICĪNVM</small> > ''uiçain'' "neighbour; close", <small>MAURĪTĀNIAM</small> > ''Muridonea'' "Mauritania", <small>NV̄LLIFICĀRE</small> > ''nuiifigòi'' "to cancel, revoke". Latin /au̯/ had probably merged with /uː/ before, and shifted back to /au̯/ for the same reason, cf. <small>AVRA</small> > *ūra > aura "gold" <small>(plurale tantum)</small>.
Long vowels /iː uː/ were diphthongized to /ai̯ au̯/ when in open syllables, while they shortened and merged into /i u/ in other cases: <small>LV̄NA</small> > ''rauna'' "moon", <small>VICĪNVM</small> > ''uiçain'' "neighbour; close", <small>MAURĪTĀNIAM</small> > ''Muridonea'' "Mauritania", <small>NV̄LLIFICĀRE</small> > ''nuiifigòi'' "to cancel, revoke". Latin /au̯/ had probably merged with /uː/ before, and shifted back to /au̯/ for the same reason, cf. <small>AVRA</small> > *ūra > aura "gold" <small>(plurale tantum)</small>.


Short word-final vowels except for /a/ were lost as in Gallo-Romance, but in some words short vowels, usually /i/ or /u/, were later added again in order to break clusters; typically it was inserted into a -Cr cluster (<small>CASTRVM</small> > *castr > ''caistur'' "city", cf. <small>CASTRA</small> > ''caistra'' "cities") but after a -NC cluster (<small>QVĪNQVE</small> > *quingui > *pimb > ''pimbi'' "five"). /-ts/ (> /s/ today in most dialects) and /s/ + stop clusters were not changed, cf. <small>LACTEM</small> > *nasti > ''nast'' "milk".
Short word-final vowels except for /a/ were lost as in Gallo-Romance, but in some words short vowels, usually /i/ or /u/, were later added again in order to break clusters; typically it was inserted into a -Cr cluster (<small>CASTRVM</small> > *castr > ''caistur'' "city", cf. <small>CASTRA</small> > ''caistra'' "cities") but after a -NC cluster (<small>QVĪNQVE</small> > *quingui > *pimb > ''pimbi'' "five"). /-ts/ (> /s/ today in most dialects) and /s/ + stop clusters were not changed, cf. <small>LACTEM</small> > *nasti > ''nast'' "milk". First-person singular verbs typically added /a/ to avoid difficult clusters, as in *<small>ADOP(E)RŌ</small> *dubr > ''dubra'' "I use"


/l/ completely disappeared from the Vulgar Latin dialects that became Atlantic, often by dissimilation to /r/ before other consonants (cf. <small>(PRŌVINCIĀS) ĀTLANTICĀS</small> > *Ordanticot > ''Ondàrtigot''), and usually by turning into /j/ (after front vowels or /a/) or /w/ (after back vowels), cf. <small>CABALLVM</small> > ''cauài'' "horse", <small>MĪLLE</small> > ''miu'' "thousand".<br/>Word-initially, it most commonly turned into /n/ – cf. <small>LINGVAM</small> > ''nimba'' "language" – but if the word contained an onset nasal, then it turned into /r/, as in <small>LV̄NA</small> > ''rauna'' "moon". This is the origin of the two sets of definite articles used in Atlantic, with the usual forms being ''in'' and ''na'', but with ''ir'' and ''ra'' being used if the word they attach to has a nasal in its first syllable (cf. ''na rauna'' "the moon" but ''ra nimba'' "the language"). Originally this only applied to the feminine article, and if the word had a nasal but in coda it didn't apply, but analogy has extended this to all cases (cf. ''ir ondartigòr'' "the Atlantic man").<br/>/l/ changed this way also in the <small>FL-</small> initial cluster, where (just as in <small>FR-</small>) the initial /f/ became first an approximant /w/ and then got fully vocalized to /u/, giving ''ur-'' or ''un-'' in such words, like <small>FLŌREM</small> > */wnor/ > ''unòr'' /uˈnor/ "flower" or <small>FLV̄MEN</small> > */wrau̯m/ > ''uraum'' /uˈrau̯m/ "river". <small>PL-</small>, however, consistently became ''pr-'', which means that /l/ got rhotacized before it got lost in other places (cf. <small>PLVVIAM</small> > ''pruia'' "rain").
/l/ completely disappeared from the Vulgar Latin dialects that became Atlantic, often by dissimilation to /r/ before other consonants (cf. <small>(PRŌVINCIĀS) ĀTLANTICĀS</small> > *Ordanticot > ''Ondàrtigot''), and usually by turning into /j/ (after front vowels or /a/) or /w/ (after back vowels), cf. <small>CABALLVM</small> > ''cauài'' "horse", <small>MĪLLE</small> > ''miu'' "thousand".<br/>Word-initially, it most commonly turned into /n/ – cf. <small>LINGVAM</small> > ''nimba'' "language" – but if the word contained an onset nasal, then it turned into /r/, as in <small>LV̄NA</small> > ''rauna'' "moon". This is the origin of the two sets of definite articles used in Atlantic, with the usual forms being ''in'' and ''na'', but with ''ir'' and ''ra'' being used if the word they attach to has a nasal in its first syllable (cf. ''na rauna'' "the moon" but ''ra nimba'' "the language"). Originally this only applied to the feminine article, and if the word had a nasal but in coda it didn't apply, but analogy has extended this to all cases (cf. ''ir ondartigòr'' "the Atlantic man").<br/>/l/ changed this way also in the <small>FL-</small> initial cluster, where (just as in <small>FR-</small>) the initial /f/ became first an approximant /w/ and then got fully vocalized to /u/, giving ''ur-'' or ''un-'' in such words, like <small>FLŌREM</small> > */wnor/ > ''unòr'' /uˈnor/ "flower" or <small>FLV̄MEN</small> > */wrau̯m/ > ''uraum'' /uˈrau̯m/ "river". <small>PL-</small>, however, consistently became ''pr-'', which means that /l/ got rhotacized before it got lost in other places (cf. <small>PLVVIAM</small> > ''pruia'' "rain").

Revision as of 21:42, 31 May 2018

Atlantic
ondartigòr; ra nimba ondartigora
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|[[ɔndartiˈɡɔr], [ra ˈɲimba ɔndartiˈɡɔra]]]]
Created byLili21
DateMay 2018
SettingAlt-Earth
EthnicityAtlantics (ondartigorot)
Native speakers66,000,000 (2017)
Indo-European
  • Italic
    • Romance
      • African Romance
        • Atlantic
Official status
Official language in
Atlantic Provinces

Atlantic, also known as Atlantic Latin or Atlantic Romance, natively ondartigòr (ra nimba ondartigora) [ɔndartiˈɡɔr], [ra ˈɲimba ɔndartiˈɡɔra] is a Romance language spoken in an alternate history version of Earth in the Atlantic Provinces (Ondàrtigot [ɔnˈdartigot]), a country located in the northwestern corner of Africa. The country's name is a remnant of Roman history, when the area - including the Atlas Mountains as its main geographical feature - was divided in the provinces of Numidia, Mauretania Caesariensis, and Mauretania Tingitana.

It has various dialects, usually grouped in two main varieties called Mauritanian (muridoinens [muridɔˈɲens]), the one the standard is based on, and Numidian (numigens [numiˈzens] or [numiˈdzens]); some sources distinguish two further variants, Teneréïc (teneriens [teneˈʒens]) and Senegal Riparian (naia-uruminiens [ˌnæjæ.urumiˈɲens]); these two varieties are greatly influenced by the non-Romance languages they coexist with.

Distinctive features

Atlantic is part of its own branch among Romance languages, but shares many common features with Western Romance languages, notably Catalan.

The typical distinctive feature of Atlantic is its shifting of Vulgar Latin vowels which, while not completely unlike to how it developed in Sicilian, has a unique - and easily noticeable - change in having kept long and short /a/ distinct, with (Vulgar) Latin /aː/ being reflected as /o/. This is easily noted for example in all first conjugation verbs, as COMPROBĀRE > cumpuruòi "to like" /kumpurˈwoi̯/ or LV̄DITĀRE > nauuidòi "to practice" /nau̯wiˈdoi̯/.

Among mid vowels, the short ones were raised to /i u/ while the long ones remained /e o/, cf. TERRA > tira "land, earth, soil", FOCVM > fug "fire", RATIŌNEM > raçon "reason, cause", TRĒS > çet "three (m/f)".

Long vowels /iː uː/ were diphthongized to /ai̯ au̯/ when in open syllables, while they shortened and merged into /i u/ in other cases: LV̄NA > rauna "moon", VICĪNVM > uiçain "neighbour; close", MAURĪTĀNIAM > Muridonea "Mauritania", NV̄LLIFICĀRE > nuiifigòi "to cancel, revoke". Latin /au̯/ had probably merged with /uː/ before, and shifted back to /au̯/ for the same reason, cf. AVRA > *ūra > aura "gold" (plurale tantum).

Short word-final vowels except for /a/ were lost as in Gallo-Romance, but in some words short vowels, usually /i/ or /u/, were later added again in order to break clusters; typically it was inserted into a -Cr cluster (CASTRVM > *castr > caistur "city", cf. CASTRA > caistra "cities") but after a -NC cluster (QVĪNQVE > *quingui > *pimb > pimbi "five"). /-ts/ (> /s/ today in most dialects) and /s/ + stop clusters were not changed, cf. LACTEM > *nasti > nast "milk". First-person singular verbs typically added /a/ to avoid difficult clusters, as in *ADOP(E)RŌ *dubr > dubra "I use"

/l/ completely disappeared from the Vulgar Latin dialects that became Atlantic, often by dissimilation to /r/ before other consonants (cf. (PRŌVINCIĀS) ĀTLANTICĀS > *Ordanticot > Ondàrtigot), and usually by turning into /j/ (after front vowels or /a/) or /w/ (after back vowels), cf. CABALLVM > cauài "horse", MĪLLE > miu "thousand".
Word-initially, it most commonly turned into /n/ – cf. LINGVAM > nimba "language" – but if the word contained an onset nasal, then it turned into /r/, as in LV̄NA > rauna "moon". This is the origin of the two sets of definite articles used in Atlantic, with the usual forms being in and na, but with ir and ra being used if the word they attach to has a nasal in its first syllable (cf. na rauna "the moon" but ra nimba "the language"). Originally this only applied to the feminine article, and if the word had a nasal but in coda it didn't apply, but analogy has extended this to all cases (cf. ir ondartigòr "the Atlantic man").
/l/ changed this way also in the FL- initial cluster, where (just as in FR-) the initial /f/ became first an approximant /w/ and then got fully vocalized to /u/, giving ur- or un- in such words, like FLŌREM > */wnor/ > unòr /uˈnor/ "flower" or FLV̄MEN > */wrau̯m/ > uraum /uˈrau̯m/ "river". PL-, however, consistently became pr-, which means that /l/ got rhotacized before it got lost in other places (cf. PLVVIAM > pruia "rain").

/l/ was later reintroduced into the language through Arabic loans and later Latin and Greek learned reborrowings – cf. luua "dialect" from Arabic لغة luḡa.

Atlantic palatalized /k ɡ/ as most Western Romance languages did, to /ts dz/; /ts/ also resulted from -TI- and -TR- (but not -STR-) clusters. These were later deaffricated to /s z/ in most dialects, but a few Numidian ones still retain the affricates. See RATIŌNEM > raçon "reason, cause" /raˈtson/ > /raˈson/, TRIA > çìa "three (disj.)" /ˈtsi.a/ > /ˈsi.a/, GELĀRE > giuòi "to freeze" /dziˈwoi̯/ > /ziˈwoi̯/. -DI- developed differently depending on whether it was followed by a front or by a non-front vowel. Before non-front vowels, the palatal element was lost so that it developed as regular intervocalic /d/ (see below); before front vowels, it palatalized to /dz/ much like -TI- did; cf. NVMIDIAM > *Numida > Numìua "Numidia" /nuˈmiwa/ and NVMIDIĒNSEM > numigens /numiˈdzens/ > /numiˈzens/ "Numidian".
As mentioned before, -S- blocked -TR- from shifting to /ts/; this /s/ was, in this environment, backed to /ʃ/, orthographically denoted by a preceding i, as in CASTRVM > *castr > */ˈkastur/ > caistur "city" /ˈkaʃtur/[1].

Intervocalic lenition of stops also follows the Western Romance pattern: unvoiced stops become voiced and voiced stops become fricatives, with original /d/ becoming */ð/ > /w/ and original /ɡ/ becoming */ɣ/ > /w/ or */ɣ/ > /j/ according to nearby vowels:

CAPERE > *cabi > cab "to understand"
VĪTAM > uaida "life"
CRVCEM > *crugi > ecrug "cross"
QVOQVE > *pubi > pub "also"
CABALLVM > *caual > cauài "horse"
PEDEM > *piði > piu "foot" /piu̯/
FRIGIDVM > */wriɣiðu/ > */urijið/ > uriu "cold"
MAGVM > */maɣu/ > mau "nomad"[2]

Morphology

Verbs

Active and stative conjugations

Atlantic, uniquely among Romance languages, developed a split-S alignment from the Latin active and passive voices; more properly, the third conjugation passive (infinitive ) was generalized to all passives and many intransitive verbs as a further conjugation (also including many formerly deponent verbs); thus, there are many verbal doublets such as capsòi (1st conjugation, to get) and capsii (5th conjugation, to be got), taking different "subject" markers (the -ii conjugation uses the accusative forms of pronouns) and with a completely different conjugation.

Example 1st conjugation verb: capsòi "to get"
Person Present Past Inferential Past Future
1SG caps fui capsont(a) capsai su capsadùr(a)
2SG capsot fuist capsont(a) capsoist es capsadùr(a)
3SG capsat fuit capsont(a) capsoit ist capsadùr(a)
1PL capsòm fuim capsontet/-ot capsouim sum capsadurot
2PL capsòç fuiç capsontet/-ot capsouiç sest capsadurot
3PL capsant fuirunt capsontet/-ot capserunt sunt capsadurot
Participles capsont capsadùr
Example 5st conjugation verb: capsii "to be got"
Person Present Past Future
1SG capsiur fui capsaid(a) su capsind(a)
2SG capsirit fuist capsaid(a) es capsind(a)
3SG capsidur fuit capsaid(a) ist capsind(a)
1PL capsimur fuim capsaidot sum capsindot
2PL capsimin fuiç capsaidot sest capsindot
3PL capsiuntur fuirunt capsaidot sunt capsindot
Participles capsaid capsind

Numerals

Atlantic cardinal numerals are partially directly inherited from Latin (1-15, 17, and most tens and hundreds) and partially rebuilt on post-Vulgar Latin roots, especially where the numbers would have otherwise become too similar if not identical (as would have been the case with 13 and 16). All numerals ending in 2 and 3 (except 12 and 13), as well as all hundreds except for 100, have a distinct form used only in disjunctive counting, derived from the Latin neuter.

0-9
Digit Cardinal
1 (m) aun, (f) auna
2 (m) dut, (f) dot
DISJ. du
3 (m/f) çet
DISJ. çìa
4 patur
5 pimbi
6 siç
7 sipit
8 ust
9 nou

10-19
Digit Cardinal
10 dig
11 aundig
12 duuig
13 çeuig
14 paturuig
15 paindig
16 siçtig
17 sipsindig
18 ustondig
19 nindig

Tens
Digit Cardinal
20 uaiuint
30 ciùint
40 pageoint
50 pimboint
60 siçoint
70 sipsoint
80 ustoint
90 nonoint

Hundreds
Digit Cardinal
100 çint
200 dugint
DISJ. duginta
300 cigint
DISJ. ciginta
400 paturgint
DISJ. paturginta
500 pimbagint
DISJ. pimbaginta
600 sisagint
DISJ. sisaginta
700 sipsingint
DISJ. sipsinginta
800 ustingint
DISJ. ustinginta
900 nongint
DISJ. nonginta
1000 miu


Notes

  1. ^ Phonemic /ʃ/, however, only arose because of successive palatalizations, and before /tr/ only because of learned Latin or Greek borrowings, as stratòs /straˈtos/ "army" - cf. EXTRĀNEVM > *istroniu > istroin /iʃˈtroɲ/ "foreign".
  2. ^ Originally "magician, fortune-teller", this term came to identify wandering fortune-tellers.