Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions
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adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause. | adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause. | ||
{{trans-bottom}} | {{trans-bottom}} | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 884px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 884px; text-align:center;" | ||
Line 22: | Line 20: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal | ! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal | ||
| | | m | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | n | ||
| ɳ | | ɳ | ||
| ɲ | | ɲ | ||
| ŋ | | ŋ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive | ! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive | ||
| p b | | p b | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| t d | | t d | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| k g | | k g | ||
| | | | ||
| ʔ | | ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate | ! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate | ||
Line 47: | Line 45: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| t͡s | | t͡s | ||
| ʈ͡ʂ | | ʈ͡ʂ | ||
| t͡ɕ | | t͡ɕ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 56: | Line 54: | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative | ! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative | ||
| | | | ||
| | | f | ||
| θ | | θ* | ||
| s // ʃ | | s // ʃ | ||
| ʂ | | ʂ | ||
| ɕ | | ɕ* | ||
| | | | ||
| χ | | χ | ||
| ɦ | | ɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant | ! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant | ||
| | | | ||
| ʋ | | ʋ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| j | | j | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 84: | Line 82: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ʀ | | ʀ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 91: | Line 89: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ɾ | | ɾ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 102: | Line 100: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | l | ||
| | | | ||
| ʎ | | ʎ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 123: | Line 121: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|Close | ! style="text-align: center; "|Close | ||
| i y | | i y | ||
| | | | ||
| ɨ | | ɨ | ||
| | | | ||
| ɯ | | ɯ u | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid-open | ! style="text-align: center; "|Mid-open | ||
| e ø | | e ø | ||
| | | | ||
| ɐ | | ɐ | ||
| | | | ||
| ʌ | | ʌ o | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|Open | ! style="text-align: center; "|Open | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ä | | ä | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Lengthened vowels=== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center" | |||
! style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|Front | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|Near-front | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|Central | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|Near-back | |||
! style="width: 90px; "|Back | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|Close | |||
| iː yː | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| uː | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid-open | |||
| eː øː | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| oː | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center; "|Open | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| äː | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
=== Phonotactics === | === Phonotactics === | ||
{{trans-top|phonotactics *development}} | {{trans-top|phonotactics *development}} | ||
* C | * C | ||
Line 247: | Line 274: | ||
| nac/nɐk/ | | nac/nɐk/ | ||
| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk] | | uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk] | ||
| | | uacs/ʔäks/ | ||
| | | sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/ | ||
| | | uacens/ʔäːgens/ | ||
| I | | I | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/ | ! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/ | ||
| | | sue/syː/ | ||
| | | nue/nyː/ | ||
| | | uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː] | ||
| | | uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs] | ||
| | | suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/ | ||
| | | uuens/ʔyːens/ | ||
| You | | You | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/ | ! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/ | ||
| | | hiasae/ɦiäsäe/ | ||
| | | hianae/ɦiänäe/ | ||
| | | hia/ɦiä/ | ||
| | | hias/ɦiäs/ | ||
| sian,nian, | | sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/ | ||
| | | hians/ɦiäns/ | ||
| They (singular) | | They (singular) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|hae/ | ! style="text-align: center; "|hae/ʋäe/ | ||
| | | haesae/ʔäesäe/ | ||
| | | haenae/ʔäenäe/ | ||
| | | hae/ʔae/ | ||
| | | haes/ʔäes/[ʔäis] | ||
| saen,naen, | | saen/säen/,naen/näen/,haen/ʔäen/[ʔäin] | ||
| àens/ʔaens/ | | àens/ʔaens/ | ||
| Thing | | Thing | ||
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| ser/sel/,[seɾ] | | ser/sel/,[seɾ] | ||
| seat/seɦät/ | | seat/seɦät/ | ||
| | | sad/säːt/ | ||
| | | selnd/selindɐ/ | ||
| | | selnt/selint/ | ||
| be | | be | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] | | bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] | ||
| baat/päɦät/ | | baat/päɦät/ | ||
| | | bad/päːt/ | ||
| | | balnd/pälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ] | ||
| | | balnt/pälint/[bäˈint] | ||
| have | | have | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ter/tel/,[teɾ] | | ter/tel/,[teɾ] | ||
| teat/teɦät/ | | teat/teɦät/ | ||
| | | tad/täːt/ | ||
| | | telnd/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ] | ||
| | | telnt/telint/[teˈint] | ||
| hang,raise | | hang,raise | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Made texts == | |||
*development | |||
===Lexicon=== | ===Lexicon=== | ||
{{trans-top| reading basis /visual basis | {{trans-top| reading basis *development /visual basis}} | ||
* I: kkac /uac | * I: kkac /uac | ||
* you (singular): kküe /uue | * you (singular): kküe /uue | ||
* he: hhonn /han | * he: hhonn /han | ||
* we: kkácen /nacen | * we: kkácen /nacen | ||
* you (plural): kküeen / | * you (plural): kküeen /uuen | ||
* they: hhia /hia | * they: hhia /hia | ||
* this : torce /toc,hia,dui | * this : torce /toc,hia,dui | ||
* that: kkáe /hae | * that: kkáe /hae | ||
* here: tocma /tcm | * here: tocma /tcm | ||
* there: | * there: kkaema /aem | ||
* who: hhia,lhia /lia | * who: hhia,lhia /lia | ||
* what: kva /kva | * what: kva /kva | ||
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* four: cut /cut | * four: cut /cut | ||
* five: unal /hal | * five: unal /hal | ||
* big: lhens / | * big: lhens /uncertain | ||
* long: naelhens /uncertain | * long: naelhens /uncertain | ||
* wide: daesbala /uncertain | * wide: daesbala /uncertain | ||
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* father: táta /tat | * father: táta /tat | ||
* animal: this /uncertain | * animal: this /uncertain | ||
* fish: | * fish: fisk /fsk | ||
* bird: tofie /tfl | * bird: tofie /tfl | ||
* dog: cúon /chn | * dog: cúon /chn | ||
Line 380: | Line 410: | ||
* stick: baunel /uncertain | * stick: baunel /uncertain | ||
* fruit: fam /flm | * fruit: fam /flm | ||
* seed: fam / | * seed: fam /es-semilla | ||
* leaf: hhüo /lif | * leaf: hhüo /lif | ||
* root: lád /lad | * root: lád /lad | ||
* bark (of a tree): uncertain / | * bark (of a tree): uncertain /en-bark | ||
* flower: uncertain /lili | * flower: uncertain /lili | ||
* grass: ladlili /uncertain | * grass: ladlili /uncertain | ||
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* to sleep: bei /slf | * to sleep: bei /slf | ||
* to live: súmel /uncertain | * to live: súmel /uncertain | ||
* to die: né súmel / | * to die: né súmel /meisumel | ||
* to kill: sral /uncertain | * to kill: sral /uncertain | ||
* to fight: sral /uncertain | * to fight: sral /uncertain | ||
Line 525: | Line 555: | ||
* near: tocmas /uncertain | * near: tocmas /uncertain | ||
* far: naemas /uncertain | * far: naemas /uncertain | ||
* right: hris / | * right: hris /rkt | ||
* left: chol / | * left: chol /lnk | ||
* at: tzúi /zui,tui | * at: tzúi /zui,tui | ||
* in: lhea /ins | * in: lhea /ins | ||
Line 535: | Line 565: | ||
* name: námel /nam | * name: námel /nam | ||
{{trans-bottom}} | {{trans-bottom}} | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] |
Revision as of 14:10, 12 January 2019
As for introduction of lekma /ˈleχmɐ/, it is a conlang, my reason to constructure a miniature language is, to make is a way to learn about languages, also to know languages has much affect on it, so it is under construction. Thanks for visitting this site. A lekma structure is as follows, an interjection/connection + an agent × an object × a verb + a subject/topic × a particle.
± Attributions adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | |||||
Affricate | t͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | t͡ɕ | ||||||
Fricative | f | θ* | s // ʃ | ʂ | ɕ* | χ | ɦ | ||
Approximant | ʋ | j | |||||||
Trill | ʀ | ||||||||
Flap or tap | ɾ | ||||||||
Lateral app. | l | ʎ |
These with * are rare.
Vowels
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i y | ɨ | ɯ u | ||
Mid-open | e ø | ɐ | ʌ o | ||
Open | ä |
Lengthened vowels
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | iː yː | uː | |||
Mid-open | eː øː | oː | |||
Open | äː |
=== Phonotactics ===
± phonotactics *development - C
- k
- t
- lh
- sr
- nr
- V
- a:allophone;â
- á:allophones;ae;ai;oa
- e
- é:allophones;ei;é;ea
- i
- î
- í
- o
- ö:allophones;eu;oi
- ó:allophone;ou
- u
- ü
- ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo
- C
- nn
- h
- tz
- cz
- t
- ns
- −vowel length lk
- −vowel length ks
- sk
Morphemes
± It is applied inter parts of speech - s-
- n-
- a-
- -a
- -e
- -s
- -as
- -es
- -n
- -en
- -ns
- -ens
- -r
- -l
- -t
- -d
- -ls
- -ts
- -ds
- -er
- -el
- -et
- -at
- -ad
- -els
- -ets
- -ats
- -ads
- -nd
- -nt
- -nds
- -nts
===Declension===
noun root | word | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
the agent of a transitive verb | the subject/locative of an intransitive verb | the direct/indirect object of a verb | possessive form | plural form | plural possessive form | ||
uac/ʋɐk/ | sac/sɐk/ | nac/nɐk/ | uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk] | uacs/ʔäks/ | sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/ | uacens/ʔäːgens/ | I |
uue/ʋyː/ | sue/syː/ | nue/nyː/ | uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː] | uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs] | suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/ | uuens/ʔyːens/ | You |
hia/ɦiä/ | hiasae/ɦiäsäe/ | hianae/ɦiänäe/ | hia/ɦiä/ | hias/ɦiäs/ | sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/ | hians/ɦiäns/ | They (singular) |
hae/ʋäe/ | haesae/ʔäesäe/ | haenae/ʔäenäe/ | hae/ʔae/ | haes/ʔäes/[ʔäis] | saen/säen/,naen/näen/,haen/ʔäen/[ʔäin] | àens/ʔaens/ | Thing |
===Conjugation===
verb root | indicative form | subjunctive form | connective form | noun-like form | word | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present/habitual | the motion is futural | -ing, /if | the motion is incomplete | the motion is completed | ||
sel/sel/ | ser/sel/,[seɾ] | seat/seɦät/ | sad/säːt/ | selnd/selindɐ/ | selnt/selint/ | be |
bal/bäl/ | bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] | baat/päɦät/ | bad/päːt/ | balnd/pälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ] | balnt/pälint/[bäˈint] | have |
tel/tel/ | ter/tel/,[teɾ] | teat/teɦät/ | tad/täːt/ | telnd/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ] | telnt/telint/[teˈint] | hang,raise |
Made texts
*development
===Lexicon===
± reading basis *development /visual basis - I: kkac /uac
- you (singular): kküe /uue
- he: hhonn /han
- we: kkácen /nacen
- you (plural): kküeen /uuen
- they: hhia /hia
- this : torce /toc,hia,dui
- that: kkáe /hae
- here: tocma /tcm
- there: kkaema /aem
- who: hhia,lhia /lia
- what: kva /kva
- where: kvime /kvm
- when: kvatzuí /kvn
- how: kvamuí /kvi
- not: né /nei
- all: àen /aen
- many: àens /aens
- some: de àen /duiaen
- few: làes /leas
- other: né daes /neidae
- one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ena,esa
- two: tzue /dva
- three: mal /mal
- four: cut /cut
- five: unal /hal
- big: lhens /uncertain
- long: naelhens /uncertain
- wide: daesbala /uncertain
- thick: bala /uncertain
- heavy: né fie /neifias
- small: uncertain /tis
- short: kul /uncertain
- narrow: tis /tsm
- thin: kadtis /uncertain
- woman: lhúa /lua
- man (adult male): lhúa /lua
- man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
- child: uncertain /tisluo
- wife: uncertain /mama dae kús
- husband: uncertain /tata dae kús
- mother: máma /mam
- father: táta /tat
- animal: this /uncertain
- fish: fisk /fsk
- bird: tofie /tfl
- dog: cúon /chn
- louse: uncertain /lus
- snake: uncertain /lam
- worm: hhom /orm
- tree: uncertain /bim
- forest: uncertain /bsk
- stick: baunel /uncertain
- fruit: fam /flm
- seed: fam /es-semilla
- leaf: hhüo /lif
- root: lád /lad
- bark (of a tree): uncertain /en-bark
- flower: uncertain /lili
- grass: ladlili /uncertain
- rope: sinn /uncertain
- skin: bäl /uncertain
- meat: salk /slk
- blood: salk /uncertain
- bone: lám /uncertain
- fat (noun): bét /fat
- egg: ais /uncertain
- horn: kol /krn
- tail: lámen /lam
- feather: fie /fli
- hair: tetr /khr
- head: uncertain /cab
- ear: olhen /orh
- eye: ain /oin
- nose: nes /nez
- mouth: uncertain /lif
- tooth: tzann /fnc
- tongue (organ): tzann /zau
- fingernail: tzann /fau
- foot: uncertain /bam
- leg: uncertain /bam
- knee: baim /uncertain
- hand: tec /tek
- wing: fiem /fli
- belly: mac /uncertain
- guts: mac /uncertain
- neck: nec /uncertain
- back: tzüc /ruc
- breast: bec /fec
- heart: kel /kor
- liver: kel /uncertain
- to drink: sifel /drk
- to eat: nem /nhm
- to bite: tzaunel /tnf
- to suck: sifel /uncertain
- to spit: nemel /uncertain
- to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain
- to blow: bolel /uncertain
- to breathe: nesel /uncertain
- to laugh: hrak /rch
- to see: vis /ver
- to hear: sanhel /oir
- to know: can /cna
- to think: canel /dik
- to smell: nesel /uncertain
- to fear: bai /uncertain
- to sleep: bei /slf
- to live: súmel /uncertain
- to die: né súmel /meisumel
- to kill: sral /uncertain
- to fight: sral /uncertain
- to hunt: sral /uncertain
- to hit: láb /lfn
- to cut: kul /uncertain
- to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
- to stab: binn /uncertain
- to scratch: skilel /uncertain
- to dig: binn /nem
- to swim: uncertain /svi
- to fly: uncertain /fei
- to walk: salkel /uncertain
- to come: hhim /clm
- to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain
- to sit: sidel /set
- to stand: hrec /tnd
- to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain
- to fall: feiel /fei
- to give: túe /tue
- to hold: hrantel /uncertain
- to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain
- to rub: vask /uncertain
- to wash: vask /uncertain
- to wipe: vaskel /vsk
- to pull: tec /uncertain
- to push: tec,ffon /uncertain
- to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain
- to tie: ticel /bnd
- to sew: ffinticel /uncertain
- to count: teltzif /uncertain
- to say: srua /seu
- to sing: séunel /seu
- to play: bil /sfl
- to float: lom /flt
- to flow: ae /flt
- to freeze: íelel /iel
- to swell: rcol /uncertain
- sun: hrá /uncertain
- moon: daehrá /mun
- star: lucz /trl
- water: súm /sumi
- rain: lein /rcn
- river: léne /len
- lake: léne /len
- sea: léneen /len
- salt: sala /slt
- stone: shè /stn
- sand: sahr /snd
- dust: hroma /uncertain
- earth: thi /nulmaf
- cloud: küt /sku
- fog: küt /foc
- sky: séo /sulmaf
- wind: fendas /vnd
- snow: nívas /snu
- ice: íelen /ais
- smoke: féu /feo
- fire: féu /feo
- ash: daeféu /uncertain
- to burn: tocféu tue /feol
- road: vei /vec
- mountain: uncertain /mon
- red: hrot /rod
- green: léu /crn
- yellow: col /clb
- white: hrát /vit
- black: dal /blc
- night: dal /nkt
- day: dis /dac
- year: iálen /zuames
- warm: nôk /vrm
- cold: íels /chl
- full: buk /ful
- new: bil /uncertain
- old: né bil /uncertain
- good: hhim /bim
- bad: né hhim /uncertain
- rotten: tocel nae /uncertain
- dirty: mud /uncertain
- straight: bim /uncertain
- round: kadbal /uncertain
- sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain
- dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain
- smooth: dilel /uncertain
- wet: súmmuí /vods
- dry: sekal /sek
- correct: bim /uncertain
- near: tocmas /uncertain
- far: naemas /uncertain
- right: hris /rkt
- left: chol /lnk
- at: tzúi /zui,tui
- in: lhea /ins
- with: múi /mui
- and: e,elk /elk
- if: o,sôm /som
- because: fúi /kar
- name: námel /nam