Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions

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adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause.
adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause.
{{trans-bottom}}
{{trans-bottom}}
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Graphemes are listed below the each phonemes.
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 884px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 884px; text-align:center;"
Line 22: Line 20:
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| m<br>m
| m
|  
|  
|  
|  
| n<br>n
| n
| ɳ<br>nr
| ɳ
| ɲ<br>nh
| ɲ
| ŋ<br>un,-nn
| ŋ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| p b<br>b,ff b,rb
| p b
|  
|  
|  
|  
| t d<br>t,d,tt d,rd
| t d
|  
|  
|  
|  
| k g<br>c,k c,rc
| k g
|  
|  
| ʔ<br>kk,`
| ʔ
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
Line 47: Line 45:
|  
|  
|  
|  
| t͡s<br>tz
| t͡s
| ʈ͡ʂ<br>tr
| ʈ͡ʂ
| t͡ɕ<br>th
| t͡ɕ
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 56: Line 54:
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
|  
|  
| f<br>f
| f
| θ<br>cz*
| θ*
| s // ʃ<br>s // sh
| s // ʃ
| ʂ<br>sr
| ʂ
| ɕ<br>sh*
| ɕ*
|  
|  
| χ<br>-k,ch
| χ
| ɦ<br>hh
| ɦ
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
|  
|  
| ʋ<br>v,u-
| ʋ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| j<br>i-
| j
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 84: Line 82:
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ʀ<br>hr
| ʀ
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 91: Line 89:
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɾ<br>l,-r
| ɾ
|  
|  
|
|
Line 102: Line 100:
|  
|  
|  
|  
| l<br>l
| l
|  
|  
| ʎ<br>lh
| ʎ
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 123: Line 121:
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
| i y<br>i ü
| i y
|  
|  
| ɨ<br>ui,î
| ɨ
|  
|  
| ɯ u<br>û u
| ɯ u
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid-open
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid-open
| e ø<br>e,ä ö
| e ø
|  
|  
| ɐ<br>a,â,e,ë
| ɐ
|  
|  
| ʌ o<br>ô o
| ʌ o
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ä<br>a
| ä
|  
|  
|  
|  
|}
|}
There are two ways distinction by vowel length.


===Lengthened vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|Front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Central
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-back
!  style="width: 90px; "|Back
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
| iː yː
|
|
|
| uː
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid-open
| eː øː
|
|
|
| oː
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
|
|
| äː
|
|
|}


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
{{trans-top|phonotactics *development}}
{{trans-top|phonotactics *development}}
* C
* C
Line 247: Line 274:
| nac/nɐk/
| nac/nɐk/
| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]
| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]
| ács/ʔäks/
| uacs/ʔäks/
| sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/
| sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/
| ácens/ʔäːgens/
| uacens/ʔäːgens/
| I
| I
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/
! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/
| /syː/
| sue/syː/
| /nyː/
| nue/nyː/
| /ʋyː/[ʔyː]
| uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː]
| uües/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs]
| uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs]
| süen,nüen,ʋüen/ʋyːen/
| suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/
| uüens/ʔyːens/
| uuens/ʔyːens/
| You
| You
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/
! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/
| íasaé/ɦiänsäe/
| hiasae/ɦiäsäe/
| íanaé/ɦiänäe/
| hianae/ɦiänäe/
| hhia/ɦiä/
| hia/ɦiä/
| ías/ɦiäs/
| hias/ɦiäs/
| sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/
| sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/
| íans/ɦiäns/
| hians/ɦiäns/
| They (singular)
| They (singular)
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|hae/ʋae/
! style="text-align: center; "|hae/ʋäe/
| aesaé/ʔaesäe/
| haesae/ʔäesäe/
| aenaé/ʔaenäe/
| haenae/ʔäenäe/
| àe/ʔae/
| hae/ʔae/
| àes/ʔais/
| haes/ʔäes/[ʔäis]
| saen,naen,àen/ʔain/
| saen/säen/,naen/näen/,haen/ʔäen/[ʔäin]
| àens/ʔaens/
| àens/ʔaens/
| Thing
| Thing
Line 302: Line 329:
| ser/sel/,[seɾ]
| ser/sel/,[seɾ]
| seat/seɦät/
| seat/seɦät/
| sád/säːt/
| sad/säːt/
| selínda/selindɐ/
| selnd/selindɐ/
| selínt/selint/
| selnt/selint/
| be
| be
|-
|-
Line 310: Line 337:
| bar/bäl/,[bäɾ]
| bar/bäl/,[bäɾ]
| baat/päɦät/
| baat/päɦät/
| bád/päːt/
| bad/päːt/
| balínda/pälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ]
| balnd/pälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ]
| balínt/pälint/[bäˈint]
| balnt/pälint/[bäˈint]
| have
| have
|-
|-
Line 318: Line 345:
| ter/tel/,[teɾ]
| ter/tel/,[teɾ]
| teat/teɦät/
| teat/teɦät/
| tád/täːt/
| tad/täːt/
| telínda/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ]
| telnd/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ]
| telínt/telint/[teˈint]
| telnt/telint/[teˈint]
| hang,raise
| hang,raise
|}
|}
== Made texts ==
*development


  ===Lexicon===
  ===Lexicon===
{{trans-top| reading basis /visual basis *development}}
{{trans-top| reading basis *development /visual basis}}
* I: kkac /uac
* I: kkac /uac
* you (singular): kküe /uue
* you (singular): kküe /uue
* he: hhonn /han
* he: hhonn /han
* we: kkácen /nacen
* we: kkácen /nacen
* you (plural): kküeen /nuen
* you (plural): kküeen /uuen
* they: hhia /hia
* they: hhia /hia
* this : torce /toc,hia,dui
* this : torce /toc,hia,dui
* that: kkáe /hae
* that: kkáe /hae
* here: tocma /tcm
* here: tocma /tcm
* there: àema /aem
* there: kkaema /aem
* who: hhia,lhia /lia
* who: hhia,lhia /lia
* what: kva /kva
* what: kva /kva
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* four: cut /cut
* four: cut /cut
* five: unal /hal
* five: unal /hal
* big: lhens /ae
* big: lhens /uncertain
* long: naelhens /uncertain
* long: naelhens /uncertain
* wide: daesbala /uncertain
* wide: daesbala /uncertain
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* father: táta /tat
* father: táta /tat
* animal: this /uncertain
* animal: this /uncertain
* fish: uncertain /fsk
* fish: fisk /fsk
* bird: tofie  /tfl
* bird: tofie  /tfl
* dog: cúon /chn
* dog: cúon /chn
Line 380: Line 410:
* stick: baunel /uncertain
* stick: baunel /uncertain
* fruit: fam /flm
* fruit: fam /flm
* seed: fam /uncertain
* seed: fam /es-semilla
* leaf: hhüo /lif
* leaf: hhüo /lif
* root: lád /lad
* root: lád /lad
* bark (of a tree): uncertain /bim dui iunclish bark
* bark (of a tree): uncertain /en-bark
* flower: uncertain /lili
* flower: uncertain /lili
* grass: ladlili /uncertain
* grass: ladlili /uncertain
Line 435: Line 465:
* to sleep: bei /slf
* to sleep: bei /slf
* to live: súmel /uncertain
* to live: súmel /uncertain
* to die: né súmel /uncertain
* to die: né súmel /meisumel
* to kill: sral /uncertain
* to kill: sral /uncertain
* to fight: sral /uncertain
* to fight: sral /uncertain
Line 525: Line 555:
* near: tocmas /uncertain
* near: tocmas /uncertain
* far: naemas /uncertain
* far: naemas /uncertain
* right: hris /rec
* right: hris /rkt
* left: chol /lic
* left: chol /lnk
* at: tzúi /zui,tui
* at: tzúi /zui,tui
* in: lhea /ins
* in: lhea /ins
Line 535: Line 565:
* name: námel /nam
* name: námel /nam
{{trans-bottom}}
{{trans-bottom}}


[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Revision as of 14:10, 12 January 2019

   As for introduction of lekma /ˈleχmɐ/, it is a conlang, my reason to constructure a miniature language is, to make is a way to learn about languages, also to know languages has much affect on it, so it is under construction. Thanks for visitting this site.
   A lekma structure is as follows, an interjection/connection + an agent × an object × a verb + a subject/topic × a particle.
± Attributions

adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause.

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Plosive p b t d k g ʔ
Affricate t͡s ʈ͡ʂ t͡ɕ
Fricative f θ* s // ʃ ʂ ɕ* χ ɦ
Approximant ʋ j
Trill ʀ
Flap or tap ɾ
Lateral app. l ʎ
These with * are rare.


Vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i y ɨ ɯ u
Mid-open e ø ɐ ʌ o
Open ä

Lengthened vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close iː yː
Mid-open eː øː
Open äː
=== Phonotactics ===
± phonotactics *development
  • C
  • k
  • t
  • lh
  • sr
  • nr
  • V
  • a:allophone;â
  • á:allophones;ae;ai;oa
  • e
  • é:allophones;ei;é;ea
  • i
  • î
  • í
  • o
  • ö:allophones;eu;oi
  • ó:allophone;ou
  • u
  • ü
  • ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo
  • C
  • nn
  • h
  • tz
  • cz
  • t
  • ns
  • −vowel length lk
  • −vowel length ks
  • sk


Morphemes

± It is applied inter parts of speech
  • s-
  • n-
  • a-
  • -a
  • -e
  • -s
  • -as
  • -es
  • -n
  • -en
  • -ns
  • -ens
  • -r
  • -l
  • -t
  • -d
  • -ls
  • -ts
  • -ds
  • -er
  • -el
  • -et
  • -at
  • -ad
  • -els
  • -ets
  • -ats
  • -ads
  • -nd
  • -nt
  • -nds
  • -nts
===Declension===


noun root word
the agent of a transitive verb the subject/locative of an intransitive verb the direct/indirect object of a verb possessive form plural form plural possessive form
uac/ʋɐk/ sac/sɐk/ nac/nɐk/ uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk] uacs/ʔäks/ sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/ uacens/ʔäːgens/ I
uue/ʋyː/ sue/syː/ nue/nyː/ uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː] uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs] suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/ uuens/ʔyːens/ You
hia/ɦiä/ hiasae/ɦiäsäe/ hianae/ɦiänäe/ hia/ɦiä/ hias/ɦiäs/ sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/ hians/ɦiäns/ They (singular)
hae/ʋäe/ haesae/ʔäesäe/ haenae/ʔäenäe/ hae/ʔae/ haes/ʔäes/[ʔäis] saen/säen/,naen/näen/,haen/ʔäen/[ʔäin] àens/ʔaens/ Thing
===Conjugation===


verb root indicative form subjunctive form connective form noun-like form word
present/habitual the motion is futural -ing, /if the motion is incomplete the motion is completed
sel/sel/ ser/sel/,[seɾ] seat/seɦät/ sad/säːt/ selnd/selindɐ/ selnt/selint/ be
bal/bäl/ bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] baat/päɦät/ bad/päːt/ balnd/pälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ] balnt/pälint/[bäˈint] have
tel/tel/ ter/tel/,[teɾ] teat/teɦät/ tad/täːt/ telnd/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ] telnt/telint/[teˈint] hang,raise

Made texts

*development
===Lexicon===
± reading basis *development /visual basis
  • I: kkac /uac
  • you (singular): kküe /uue
  • he: hhonn /han
  • we: kkácen /nacen
  • you (plural): kküeen /uuen
  • they: hhia /hia
  • this : torce /toc,hia,dui
  • that: kkáe /hae
  • here: tocma /tcm
  • there: kkaema /aem
  • who: hhia,lhia /lia
  • what: kva /kva
  • where: kvime /kvm
  • when: kvatzuí /kvn
  • how: kvamuí /kvi
  • not: né /nei
  • all: àen /aen
  • many: àens /aens
  • some: de àen /duiaen
  • few: làes /leas
  • other: né daes /neidae
  • one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ena,esa
  • two: tzue /dva
  • three: mal /mal
  • four: cut /cut
  • five: unal /hal
  • big: lhens /uncertain
  • long: naelhens /uncertain
  • wide: daesbala /uncertain
  • thick: bala /uncertain
  • heavy: né fie /neifias
  • small: uncertain /tis
  • short: kul /uncertain
  • narrow: tis /tsm
  • thin: kadtis /uncertain
  • woman: lhúa /lua
  • man (adult male): lhúa /lua
  • man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
  • child: uncertain /tisluo
  • wife: uncertain /mama dae kús
  • husband: uncertain /tata dae kús
  • mother: máma /mam
  • father: táta /tat
  • animal: this /uncertain
  • fish: fisk /fsk
  • bird: tofie /tfl
  • dog: cúon /chn
  • louse: uncertain /lus
  • snake: uncertain /lam
  • worm: hhom /orm
  • tree: uncertain /bim
  • forest: uncertain /bsk
  • stick: baunel /uncertain
  • fruit: fam /flm
  • seed: fam /es-semilla
  • leaf: hhüo /lif
  • root: lád /lad
  • bark (of a tree): uncertain /en-bark
  • flower: uncertain /lili
  • grass: ladlili /uncertain
  • rope: sinn /uncertain
  • skin: bäl /uncertain
  • meat: salk /slk
  • blood: salk /uncertain
  • bone: lám /uncertain
  • fat (noun): bét /fat
  • egg: ais /uncertain
  • horn: kol /krn
  • tail: lámen /lam
  • feather: fie /fli
  • hair: tetr /khr
  • head: uncertain /cab
  • ear: olhen /orh
  • eye: ain /oin
  • nose: nes /nez
  • mouth: uncertain /lif
  • tooth: tzann /fnc
  • tongue (organ): tzann /zau
  • fingernail: tzann /fau
  • foot: uncertain /bam
  • leg: uncertain /bam
  • knee: baim /uncertain
  • hand: tec /tek
  • wing: fiem /fli
  • belly: mac /uncertain
  • guts: mac /uncertain
  • neck: nec /uncertain
  • back: tzüc /ruc
  • breast: bec /fec
  • heart: kel /kor
  • liver: kel /uncertain
  • to drink: sifel /drk
  • to eat: nem /nhm
  • to bite: tzaunel /tnf
  • to suck: sifel /uncertain
  • to spit: nemel /uncertain
  • to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain
  • to blow: bolel /uncertain
  • to breathe: nesel /uncertain
  • to laugh: hrak /rch
  • to see: vis /ver
  • to hear: sanhel /oir
  • to know: can /cna
  • to think: canel /dik
  • to smell: nesel /uncertain
  • to fear: bai /uncertain
  • to sleep: bei /slf
  • to live: súmel /uncertain
  • to die: né súmel /meisumel
  • to kill: sral /uncertain
  • to fight: sral /uncertain
  • to hunt: sral /uncertain
  • to hit: láb /lfn
  • to cut: kul /uncertain
  • to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
  • to stab: binn /uncertain
  • to scratch: skilel /uncertain
  • to dig: binn /nem
  • to swim: uncertain /svi
  • to fly: uncertain /fei
  • to walk: salkel /uncertain
  • to come: hhim /clm
  • to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain
  • to sit: sidel /set
  • to stand: hrec /tnd
  • to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain
  • to fall: feiel /fei
  • to give: túe /tue
  • to hold: hrantel /uncertain
  • to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain
  • to rub: vask /uncertain
  • to wash: vask /uncertain
  • to wipe: vaskel /vsk
  • to pull: tec /uncertain
  • to push: tec,ffon /uncertain
  • to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain
  • to tie: ticel /bnd
  • to sew: ffinticel /uncertain
  • to count: teltzif /uncertain
  • to say: srua /seu
  • to sing: séunel /seu
  • to play: bil /sfl
  • to float: lom /flt
  • to flow: ae /flt
  • to freeze: íelel /iel
  • to swell: rcol /uncertain
  • sun: hrá /uncertain
  • moon: daehrá /mun
  • star: lucz /trl
  • water: súm /sumi
  • rain: lein /rcn
  • river: léne /len
  • lake: léne /len
  • sea: léneen /len
  • salt: sala /slt
  • stone: shè /stn
  • sand: sahr /snd
  • dust: hroma /uncertain
  • earth: thi /nulmaf
  • cloud: küt /sku
  • fog: küt /foc
  • sky: séo /sulmaf
  • wind: fendas /vnd
  • snow: nívas /snu
  • ice: íelen /ais
  • smoke: féu /feo
  • fire: féu /feo
  • ash: daeféu /uncertain
  • to burn: tocféu tue /feol
  • road: vei /vec
  • mountain: uncertain /mon
  • red: hrot /rod
  • green: léu /crn
  • yellow: col /clb
  • white: hrát /vit
  • black: dal /blc
  • night: dal /nkt
  • day: dis /dac
  • year: iálen /zuames
  • warm: nôk /vrm
  • cold: íels /chl
  • full: buk /ful
  • new: bil /uncertain
  • old: né bil /uncertain
  • good: hhim /bim
  • bad: né hhim /uncertain
  • rotten: tocel nae /uncertain
  • dirty: mud /uncertain
  • straight: bim /uncertain
  • round: kadbal /uncertain
  • sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain
  • dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain
  • smooth: dilel /uncertain
  • wet: súmmuí /vods
  • dry: sekal /sek
  • correct: bim /uncertain
  • near: tocmas /uncertain
  • far: naemas /uncertain
  • right: hris /rkt
  • left: chol /lnk
  • at: tzúi /zui,tui
  • in: lhea /ins
  • with: múi /mui
  • and: e,elk /elk
  • if: o,sôm /som
  • because: fúi /kar
  • name: námel /nam