Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions
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A conlang named lekma /ˈɥexmä/ is an experimental language, language Type (aiming): | A conlang named lekma /ˈɥexmä/ is an experimental miniature language, language Type (aiming): being low amount of distinct categories, half of lexicon are adoption of low Germanic languages, rests are from many others. it is for learning languages, making is to learn about languages. | ||
nouns: +morpheme nouns(that are intransitives), +adjective nouns(monotransitives), +demonstrative nouns(which have plurals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +verb-derived particle nouns(that are prepositions, connectives). +enclitics(they turn nouns to full nouns): demontratives same as aboves, nominal suffix: e/∅/, adjectival suffix: a,ä.har/ɦä/,/e/ s/s/, verbal suffix: l,hel/ɦel/(habitual, nominaliser), had/ɦät/(subjunctive) aaena, aauda/ŋdɐ/(processive) aaein,aaeni,aandi/ˈ..ndi/(perfective, an,en,ne,hen/ɦen/, vowel to nasalise+/en/. | nouns: +morpheme nouns(that are intransitives), +adjective nouns(monotransitives), +demonstrative nouns(which have plurals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +verb-derived particle nouns(that are prepositions, connectives). +enclitics(they turn nouns to full nouns): demontratives same as aboves, nominal suffix: e/∅/, adjectival suffix: a,ä.har/ɦä/,/e/ s/s/, verbal suffix: l,hel/ɦel/(habitual, nominaliser), had/ɦät/(subjunctive) aaena, aauda/ŋdɐ/(processive) aaein,aaeni,aandi/ˈ..ndi/(perfective, an,en,ne,hen/ɦen/, vowel to nasalise+/en/. | ||
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e are null vowel null consonants if they are free from diacritics. (in this site uses resemble phonemic notations) | e are null vowel null consonants if they are free from diacritics. (in this site uses resemble phonemic notations) | ||
it seems there are | it seems there are làa/gäː/ so some are irregular. | ||
gemination affects vowel before it to lengthen or something then, it is simplified. | gemination affects vowel before it to lengthen or something then, it is simplified. | ||
tone rises at words initially. i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), ǃ(ǂ) exclamation | tone rises at words initially. i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), before a loanword, ǃ(ǂ) exclamation. | ||
excepting q w p g j y. consonant u is added as | excepting q w p g j y. consonant u is added as is ng. | ||
dalse càe látin, vàe áleman, bae látin, cae látin, kae eskanól, aüe elínica, meidallaoduilekma. e lao u vèi velar nasal. | dalse càe látin, vàe áleman, bae látin, cae látin, kae eskanól, aüe elínica, meidallaoduilekma. e lao u vèi velar nasal. | ||
Syntacs | Syntacs | ||
Type: SVO. | Type: SVO. | ||
ergative noun • verbal noun objective noun + topic noun / verbal noun • noun adjectival suffix + topic noun, | ergative noun • verbal noun objective noun + topic noun / verbal noun • noun adjectival suffix + topic noun, | ||
where a middle dot separates phrases, focal phrases can switch their places to be at first to others. | where a middle dot separates phrases, focal phrases can switch their places to be at first to others. | ||
aside from the phonemic orthography, numerals are written with. | aside from the phonemic orthography, numerals are written with. | ||
0123456789,10,11,12. is oinmfvksba.io/x,ii/e,in/z. | .0123456789,10,11,12. is oinmfvksba.io/x,ii/e,in/z. | ||
| Line 63: | Line 62: | ||
| cac(k-g) | | cac(k-g) | ||
| | | | ||
| aâe(ʔ) | | aâe(ʔ, null) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Affricate</small> | ! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Affricate</small> | ||
| Line 136: | Line 135: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Close</small> | ! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Close</small> | ||
| aie,aîe(i | | aie,aîe(i) | ||
| aüe,aúe(y | | aüe,aúe(y) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| aïe,aui(ɨ ɯ) | | aïe,aui(ɨ ɯ) | ||
| aue,aûe(u | | aue,aûe(u) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Mid-open</small> | ! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Mid-open</small> | ||
| aee,aêe,eäe,aei(e | | aee,aêe,eäe,aei(e ë) | ||
| aöe,aeu(ø | | aöe,aeu(ø) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| aëe(ɤ) | | aëe(ɤ) | ||
| aoe,aôe(o | | aoe,aôe(o) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Open</small> | ! style="text-align: left;"|<small>Open</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| aae | | aae,aâe(ä) | ||
| | | | ||
| aao(ʌː) | | aao(ʌː) | ||
| Line 161: | Line 160: | ||
phonotactics | phonotactics | ||
CV(V)C | |||
allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú;;ue;ua;uo | ɲ ŋ h −vowel length lk −vowel length sk | |||
| ɲ ŋ h | |||
| Line 191: | Line 189: | ||
of it is what. | of it is what. | ||
nerca | nerca sèina | ||
nac-har séd-nan | nac-har séd-nan | ||
i.be swed-ish | i.be swed-ish | ||
| Line 204: | Line 202: | ||
nacioneus uekma. neidoc. | nacioneus uekma. neidoc. | ||
is.romlang uekma it.is.not | is.romlang uekma it.is.not | ||
lekma is a romlang. no, it's not. | |||
| Line 229: | Line 227: | ||
* wet: suːmmɯi /summui* dry: sekal /sek* correct: bim* near: tocmas* far: naema* right: hris /lkt* left: chol /lnk* at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zui | * wet: suːmmɯi /summui* dry: sekal /sek* correct: bim* near: tocmas* far: naema* right: hris /lkt* left: chol /lnk* at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zui | ||
* in: lhea /ins* with: mɯi /mui* and: e,elk /elk* if: o,sôm /som* because: fɯi /fui* name: námel /nam | * in: lhea /ins* with: mɯi /mui* and: e,elk /elk* if: o,sôm /som* because: fɯi /fui* name: námel /nam | ||
Lexics | Lexics | ||
mam*mom mim mum mon miu mou mac miz muk mil mul mai*value nac*i nacmi*europant naciò*romlang nal nui*snake nuf nab nul*down nim*eat niska nat uil*arm uih*then bim bab beb bid*house boske*forest bah*brace diu dol*fish dad*dad dek dui*do what dál*draw cac cuf cal cilke aam*aim aas aal aelkä abbreviated to e*accompanying with aolsë or o*compared with den*keep deh*hang zil zul zah*nail zeica d zêc*sore tam tau*fang tal*string tin tax tic sel*be by súmmi*water sul süe*you seh*be sud saf xan xul*up xai*why xei*what xui*how,when fam*fruits fun foù*fire kalmê kum kat*hands kalke ham han*he neuter hai*they singular vad*what,who vie*why,how vaska von*when,where rac*cross ril*lough len*wind lan*group lis*smile lal*pilor lul*food iel*slope ser*being. | mam*mom mim mum mon miu mou mac miz muk mil mul mai*value nac*i nacmi*europant naciò*romlang nal nui*snake nuf nab nul*down nim*eat niska nat uil*arm uih*then bim bab beb bid*house boske*forest bah*brace diu dol*fish dad*dad dek dui*do what dál*draw cac cuf cal cilke aam*aim aas aal aelkä abbreviated to e*accompanying with aolsë or o*compared with den*keep deh*hang zil zul zah*nail zeica d zêc*sore tam tau*fang tal*string tin tax tic sel*be by súmmi*water sul süe*you seh*be sud saf xan xul*up xai*why xei*what xui*how,when fam*fruits fun foù*fire kalmê kum kat*hands kalke ham han*he neuter hai*they singular vad*what,who vie*why,how vaska von*when,where rac*cross ril*lough len*wind lan*group lis*smile lal*pilor lul*food iel*slope ser*being. | ||
Revision as of 14:08, 16 March 2019
A conlang named lekma /ˈɥexmä/ is an experimental miniature language, language Type (aiming): being low amount of distinct categories, half of lexicon are adoption of low Germanic languages, rests are from many others. it is for learning languages, making is to learn about languages.
nouns: +morpheme nouns(that are intransitives), +adjective nouns(monotransitives), +demonstrative nouns(which have plurals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +verb-derived particle nouns(that are prepositions, connectives). +enclitics(they turn nouns to full nouns): demontratives same as aboves, nominal suffix: e/∅/, adjectival suffix: a,ä.har/ɦä/,/e/ s/s/, verbal suffix: l,hel/ɦel/(habitual, nominaliser), had/ɦät/(subjunctive) aaena, aauda/ŋdɐ/(processive) aaein,aaeni,aandi/ˈ..ndi/(perfective, an,en,ne,hen/ɦen/, vowel to nasalise+/en/.
every words are full nouns or morpheme nouns, full nouns are indicative forms. borrowing words from other languages enter the group of adjective full noun, some enter full nouns. VO phrases are also full nouns. an object right after the verbal noun needs no suffix nor particle. an object before the verb needs a support of an objectival particle. e are null vowel null consonants if they are free from diacritics. (in this site uses resemble phonemic notations)
it seems there are làa/gäː/ so some are irregular. gemination affects vowel before it to lengthen or something then, it is simplified. tone rises at words initially. i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), before a loanword, ǃ(ǂ) exclamation. excepting q w p g j y. consonant u is added as is ng. dalse càe látin, vàe áleman, bae látin, cae látin, kae eskanól, aüe elínica, meidallaoduilekma. e lao u vèi velar nasal.
Syntacs
Type: SVO. ergative noun • verbal noun objective noun + topic noun / verbal noun • noun adjectival suffix + topic noun, where a middle dot separates phrases, focal phrases can switch their places to be at first to others.
aside from the phonemic orthography, numerals are written with. .0123456789,10,11,12. is oinmfvksba.io/x,ii/e,in/z.
Morpheme inventory
- s- /sɨ/,allomorpheme;/s/,* n- /nɨ/,allomorpheme;/n/,* a- /ä/* ∅- /ʔ/* -a /ɦä/* -e /ɦe/* -s /s/* -as /ɦäs/* -es /ɦes/* -n /n/* -en /ɦen/
- -ns /ns/* -ens /ɦens/* -l /l/* -t /t/* -d /t/* -ls /ls/* -ts /t͡s/* -ds /des/* -el /el/* -et /et/* -at /ät/* -ad /äde/* -els /els/
- -ets /et͡s/* -ats /ät͡s/* -ads /ädes/* -nd /indɐ/* -nt /int/* -nds /indɐs/* -nts /intes/
Phoneme inventory
| Consonants | Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | mam(m) | nan(dental n, ɲ) | aarner(ɳ) | uâu,aau(ŋ) | |||||
| Plosive | bab(b-p) | dad(d-t) | cac(k-g) | aâe(ʔ, null) | |||||
| Affricate | zae(d͡z-t͡s) | tât(ʈ͡ʂ) | |||||||
| Fricative | fâf(f) | sas(s-ɕ) | xax(ç-ʂ) | iáe(ʝ) | kak(χ-x, k) | hah,aar(ɦ, ɐ, null) | |||
| Approximant | vàe(ʋ) | aáe,aaé(short i) | |||||||
| Trill | rae(ʀ-r) | ||||||||
| Lateral approximant | aàe,aaè(short u) | lál,uae(ɥ-ʎ, l) |
| Vowels | Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unround | round | unround | round | unround | round | |
| Close | aie,aîe(i) | aüe,aúe(y) | aïe,aui(ɨ ɯ) | aue,aûe(u) | ||
| Mid-open | aee,aêe,eäe,aei(e ë) | aöe,aeu(ø) | aëe(ɤ) | aoe,aôe(o) | ||
| Open | aae,aâe(ä) | aao(ʌː) | ||||
phonotactics CV(V)C
allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú;;ue;ua;uo | ɲ ŋ h −vowel length lk −vowel length sk
! colspan="1" |noun root
! colspan="1" |gloss
the agent of a transitive verb
! style="width: 90px; "|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb
! style="width: 90px; "|the direct/indirect object of a verb
! style="width: 90px; "|possessive form
! style="width: 90px; "|plural form
! style="width: 90px; "|plural possessive form
! style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|uac/ʋɐk/| sac/sɐk/| nac/nɐk/| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]| uacs/ʔäks/| sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/| uacens/ʔäːgens/| I
! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/| sue/syː/| nue/nyː/| uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː]| uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs]| suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/| uuens/ʔyːens/| You
! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/| sia/siä/| nia/niä/| hia/ɦiä/| hias/ɦiäs/| sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/| hians/ɦiäns/| They (singular)
! colspan="1" |verb rootindicative form}}subjunctive form}}connective form}}noun-like formgloss! style="width: 90px; "|present/habitual! style="width: 90px; "|the motion is futural! style="width: 90px; "|-ing, /if! style="width: 90px; "|the motion is incomplete! style="width: 90px; "|the motion is completed! style="text-align: center; "|sel/sel/ | ser/sel/| seat/seɦät/| sad/säːt/| selnd/selindɐ/| selnt/selint/| be! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/| bar/bäl/| baat/päɦät/| bad/päːt/ | balnd/pälindɐ| balnt/pälint/| have! |tel/tel/| ter/tel/| teat/teɦät/| tad/täːt/| telnd/telindɐ/| telnt/telint/| hang,raise
Made text
of it is what. nerca sèina nac-har séd-nan i.be swed-ish
of this is what.
famseldoclea
fam sel-doc-leh-har
fruits are-this-place-of
nacioneus uekma. neidoc.
is.romlang uekma it.is.not
lekma is a romlang. no, it's not.
of who does what.
hainimdaines doc
hai nim daines doc
they eat some-of this
- I: ʋɐk /uac* you (singular): ʋyː /uue* he: ɦäŋ /han* we: /uacen* you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen* they: ɦiä /hia* this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia* that: àe,kosa /hae,cos* here: tocma /tcm* there: kkaema /aem* who: hhia,lhia /lia* what: kva /kva* where: kvime /kvm* when: kvatzuí /kvn* how: kvamuí /kvi* not: né /nei* all: àen /aen
- many: àens /aens* some: de àen /duiaen* few: làes /leas* other: né daes /neidae* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa* two: tzue /dva* three: mal /mal* four: cut /cut* five: unal /hal* big: lhens* long: naelhens* wide: daesbala* thick: bala* heavy: né fie /neifias* small: nal* short: kul* narrow: tis /tsm* thin: kadtis* woman: lhúa /lua* man (adult male): lhúa /lua* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo* child: tisluo
- mother: mâma /mam* father: dâda /dad* animal: tissor d tis* fish: fisker* bird: tofie /tfl* snake: lam* worm: hhom /orm* tree /bim
- forest: bsk* stick: baunel /uncertain* fruit: fam /flm* seed: fam /sem* leaf: hhüo /lif* root: lád /lad* flower: uncertain /lili* grass: ladlil
- rope: sinn /uncertain* skin: bäl /* meat: salk /slk* blood: salk* bone: lám * fat (noun): bét /fat* egg: ais* horn: kol /krn* tail: lámen /lam* feather: fie /fli* hair: tetr /khr* head: uncertain /cab* ear: olhen /orh* eye: ain /oin* nose: nis* mouth: uncertain /lif* tooth: tzann /fnc* tongue (organ): tzann /zau* fingernail: tzann /fau* foot: uncertain /bam* leg: uncertain /bam* knee: baim* hand: tec /tek* wing: fiem /fli* belly: mac
- guts: mac * neck: nec* back: tzüc /ruc* breast: bec /fec* heart: kel /kor* liver: kel* to drink: sifel /drk* to eat: nem /nhm* to bite: tzaunel /tnf
- to suck: sifel * to spit: nemel* to vomit: tue dae nems* to blow: bolel * to breathe: nesel /* to laugh: hrak /rch* to see: vis /ver* to hear: sanhel /oir* to know: caän* to think: canel /dik* to smell: nesel /uncertain* to fear: bai* to sleep: bei /slf* to live: súmel* to die: né súmel /meisumel* to kill: sral * to fight: sral /uncertain* to hunt: sral* to hit: láb /lfn* to cut: kul* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
- to stab: binn * to scratch: skilel* to dig: binn /nem* to swim: uncertain /sìm* to fly: uncertain /fei* to walk: salkel* to come: hhim /clm
- to lie (as in a bed): lob* to sit: sidel /set* to stand: hrec /tnd* to turn (intransitive): silkel* to fall: feiel /fei* to give: duo* to hold: hrantel* to squeeze: tzecal* to rub: vask * to wash: vasker* to wipe: vaskel /vsk* to pull: tec* to push: tec,ffon* to throw: tue toc náe* to tie: ticel /bnd* to sew: ffinticel* to count: teltzif* to say: seu* to sing: séunel /seu* to play: bil /sfl* to float: lom /flt* to flow: ae /flt
- to freeze: íelel /iel* to swell: rcol /uncertain* sun: hrá /uncertain* moon: daehrá /mun* star: lucz /trl* water: súm /sumi* rain: lein /rcn
- river: léne /len* lake: léne /len* sea: léneen /len* salt: saltee* stone: shè /stn* sand: sahr /snd* dust: hroma* earth: thi /nulmaf
- cloud: küt /sku* fog: küt /foc* sky: séo /sulmaf* wind: fendas /vnd* snow: nívas /snu* ice: íelen /ais* smoke: féu /feo* fire: féu /feo* ash: daeféu
- to burn: tocféu tue /feol* road: vei /vec* mountain: uncertain /mon* red: hrot /rod* green: léu /crn* yellow: col /clb* white: hrát /vit* black: dal /blc* night: dal /nkt* day: dis /dac* year: iálen /zuames* warm: nôk /vrm* cold: íels /chl* full: buk /ful* new: bil* old: né bil* good: hhim /bim
- bad: né hhim* rotten: tocel nae* dirty: mud* straight: bim* round: kadbal* sharp (as a knife): dis * dull (as a knife): dos* smooth: dilel
- wet: suːmmɯi /summui* dry: sekal /sek* correct: bim* near: tocmas* far: naema* right: hris /lkt* left: chol /lnk* at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zui
- in: lhea /ins* with: mɯi /mui* and: e,elk /elk* if: o,sôm /som* because: fɯi /fui* name: námel /nam
Lexics mam*mom mim mum mon miu mou mac miz muk mil mul mai*value nac*i nacmi*europant naciò*romlang nal nui*snake nuf nab nul*down nim*eat niska nat uil*arm uih*then bim bab beb bid*house boske*forest bah*brace diu dol*fish dad*dad dek dui*do what dál*draw cac cuf cal cilke aam*aim aas aal aelkä abbreviated to e*accompanying with aolsë or o*compared with den*keep deh*hang zil zul zah*nail zeica d zêc*sore tam tau*fang tal*string tin tax tic sel*be by súmmi*water sul süe*you seh*be sud saf xan xul*up xai*why xei*what xui*how,when fam*fruits fun foù*fire kalmê kum kat*hands kalke ham han*he neuter hai*they singular vad*what,who vie*why,how vaska von*when,where rac*cross ril*lough len*wind lan*group lis*smile lal*pilor lul*food iel*slope ser*being.