Atlantean: Difference between revisions
| Line 177: | Line 177: | ||
== Grammar == | == Grammar == | ||
Atlantean has a very strict [[subject–object–verb]] word order, with no deviations from this pattern attested. Adjectives and nouns in the genitive case follow the nouns they modify, adpositions appear only in the form of [[postpositions]], and modal verbs follow the verbs that they modify and subsequently take all personal and aspectual suffixes. However, adverbs precede verbs. The language includes the use of an interrogative particle to form questions with no variation in word order.<ref name=prodnotes/> | Atlantean has a very strict [[w:subject–object–verb]] word order, with no deviations from this pattern attested. Adjectives and nouns in the genitive case follow the nouns they modify, adpositions appear only in the form of [[w:postpositions]], and modal verbs follow the verbs that they modify and subsequently take all personal and aspectual suffixes. However, adverbs precede verbs. The language includes the use of an interrogative particle to form questions with no variation in word order.<ref name=prodnotes/> | ||
Some sentences appear to employ some kind of particles sometimes termed "sentence connectors". These particles are of obscure meaning but are theorized to relate two clauses in a logical yet idiomatic manner.<ref name=prodnotes/> | Some sentences appear to employ some kind of particles sometimes termed "sentence connectors". These particles are of obscure meaning but are theorized to relate two clauses in a logical yet idiomatic manner.<ref name=prodnotes/> | ||
| Line 188: | Line 188: | ||
:''No outsiders may see the city and live''. But more literally: "He sees the city {{sc|particle}} all outsiders." | :''No outsiders may see the city and live''. But more literally: "He sees the city {{sc|particle}} all outsiders." | ||
In the example above there is no actual mention of the consequences for outsiders, yet the subtitle in the movie translates it as a warning even without any mention of living or dying. A possibility exists that, in order to match the lip movement of the characters in the movie and the time of the dialogue, the language had to be shortened, often leaving out key parts of the sentence. It is known that the Atlantean lines in the movie were [[ad-libbed]] afterwards. | In the example above there is no actual mention of the consequences for outsiders, yet the subtitle in the movie translates it as a warning even without any mention of living or dying. A possibility exists that, in order to match the lip movement of the characters in the movie and the time of the dialogue, the language had to be shortened, often leaving out key parts of the sentence. It is known that the Atlantean lines in the movie were [[w:ad-libbed]] afterwards. | ||
Another example: | Another example: | ||
| Line 200: | Line 200: | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Atlantean has seven [[Grammatical case|cases]] for nouns, five for pronouns and two for [[Grammatical number|numbers]]. | Atlantean has seven [[w:Grammatical case|cases]] for nouns, five for pronouns and two for [[w:Grammatical number|numbers]]. | ||
====Grammatical cases==== | ====Grammatical cases==== | ||
| Line 209: | Line 209: | ||
! Name || Suffix || Example || English Gloss | ! Name || Suffix || Example || English Gloss | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Nominative case|Nominative]] || no suffix || yob || the crystal (subject). | | [[w:Nominative case|Nominative]] || no suffix || yob || the crystal (subject). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Accusative case|Accusative]] || -tem || yobtem || the crystal (object). | | [[w:Accusative case|Accusative]] || -tem || yobtem || the crystal (object). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Genitive case|Genitive]] || -ag || yobag || of the crystal | | [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]] || -ag || yobag || of the crystal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Vocative case|Vocative]] || -top {{r|footnote1|group=decimal}} || Yobtop || O Crystal! | | [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]] || -top {{r|footnote1|group=decimal}} || Yobtop || O Crystal! | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]] || -esh || yobesh || using crystal | | [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]] || -esh || yobesh || using crystal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Essive case|Essive]] || -kup {{r|footnote2|group=decimal}} || yobkup || (as, composed of, being) crystal | | [[w:Essive case|Essive]] || -kup {{r|footnote2|group=decimal}} || yobkup || (as, composed of, being) crystal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Dative case|Dative]] || -nuh {{r|footnote3|group=decimal}} || yobnuh || (for, to, on behalf of) crystal | | [[w:Dative case|Dative]] || -nuh {{r|footnote3|group=decimal}} || yobnuh || (for, to, on behalf of) crystal | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 268: | Line 268: | ||
There are five [[Grammatical case|cases]] for pronouns. | There are five [[w:Grammatical case|cases]] for pronouns. | ||
====Grammatical cases==== | ====Grammatical cases==== | ||
| Line 277: | Line 277: | ||
! Name || Suffix || Example || English Gloss | ! Name || Suffix || Example || English Gloss | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Nominative]] || no suffix || kag || I | | [[w:Nominative]] || no suffix || kag || I | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Accusative]] || -it || kagit || me, whom was (sent), etc. | | [[w:Accusative]] || -it || kagit || me, whom was (sent), etc. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Dative]] || -ib || kagib || (to) me | | [[w:Dative]] || -ib || kagib || (to) me | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Genitive]] || -in || kagin || my (my heart, karod kagin) | | [[w:Genitive]] || -in || kagin || my (my heart, karod kagin) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Instrumental]] || -is || kagis || by my means, with (using) me, via me, etc. {{r|footnote1|group=decimal}} | | [[w:Instrumental]] || -is || kagis || by my means, with (using) me, via me, etc. {{r|footnote1|group=decimal}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 19:10, 28 October 2019
| Atlantean | |
|---|---|
        Dig Adlantisag | |
| Pronunciation | [diɡ ɑdlɑntisɑɡ] |
| Created by | Marc Okrand |
| Date | 1996–2001 |
| Setting | 2001 film Atlantis: The Lost Empire and related media |
| Native speakers | none ({{{date}}}) |
| Sources | constructed languages A posteriori languages |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | none |
| Glottolog | none |
The Atlantean language, (Dig Adlantisag) is a w:constructed language created by w:Marc Okrand for the w:Disney film w:Atlantis: The Lost Empire. The language was intended by the script-writers to be a possible "mother language", and Okrand crafted it to include a vast Indo-European word stock with its very own grammar, which is at times described as highly agglutinative, inspired by Sumerian and w:North American languages.
Introduction
The Atlantean language is a historically constructed, artistic language put together by Marc Okrand for Disney's 2001 film Atlantis: The Lost Empire and associated media.[1] The Atlantean language is therefore based both on historic reconstructions as well as on the elaborate w:fantasy/w:science fiction of the Atlantis: The Lost Empire mythos. The fictional principles upon which the Atlantean language was created are: Atlantean is the “w:Tower of Babel language”, the “root dialect” from which all languages descended; it has existed without change since sometime before 100,000 B.C., within the First or Second Age of Atlantis until the present.
To accomplish this, Dr. Okrand looked for common characteristics from various world languages and was also heavily inspired by the w:Proto-Indo-European language. His main source of words (roots and stems) for the language is Proto-Indo-European,[1] but Okrand combines this with Biblical Hebrew, later Indo-European languages such as Latin and Greek, and a variety of other known or reconstructed ancient languages.[2][3][4]
Phonology
Orthography
Atlantean has its own script created expressly for the movie by John Emerson with the help of Marc Okrand, and inspired by ancient alphabetical scripts, most notably Semitic. There are, however, different kinds of transliteration into the w:Roman script.
thumb|The Atlantean script and numerals There is no punctuation or capitalization in the native Atlantean Writing System. Okrand based this on ancient writing systems. The Atlantean Script is normally in w:boustrophedon, that is to say it is written left to right for the first line, right to left the second, and left to right again the third, to continue the pattern. This order was also suggested by Okrand, based on ancient writing systems, and it was accepted because, as he explained, "It's a back-and-forth movement, like water, so that worked."[1][5]
The Atlantean script includes more characters than are actually employed in the language itself. These letters being c, f, j, q, v, x, z, ch, or th, they were created so that Atlantean might be used as a simple cipher code in the media and for promotional purposes. They are all also based on diverse ancient characters, just like the rest of the alphabet.[1]
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Alveolo- palatal |
Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | |
| Plosive | p b | t d | k ɡ | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Fricative | s | ʃ <sh> | x <h/kh> | |||
| Approximant | j <y> | w | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Lateral | l |
Where symbols occur in pairs, the left represents the w:voiceless consonant and the right represents the w:voiced consonant.
Vowels
Atlantean's phonetic inventory includes a vowel system with five w:phonemes. Most vowels have two prominent allophonic realizations, depending on whether it occurs in a stressed or unstressed syllable.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
| Tense | Lax | Tense | Lax | Tense | Lax | |
| High | i | ɪ | u | ʊ | ||
| Mid | e | ɛ | o | ɔ | ||
| Low | a | ə | ||||
Vowels in stressed syllables tend to be tense, and likewise unstressed ones tend to be more lax. Thus, for example, /i/ is realized as /i/ or /ɪ/ in stressed and unstressed syllables, respectively. Likewise, /e/ is realized as /e/ or /ɛ/, and so on. There are three diphthongs, namely ay, ey, oy.
Aside from the stressed-syllable-based vowel system, the only other example of prominent phonological phenomenon seems to be a special kind of w:sandhi occurring in verbs, when the pronoun is combined with the aspect marker.
When the suffix for the first person singular -ik combines with tenses that employ -i, -o (Past and Future tenses), it becomes -mik.
- bernot-o-ik → bernot-o-mik
But when combined with suffixes that feature -e (Present tenses), the same suffix becomes -kik.
- bernot-e-ik → bernot-e-kik
Grammar
Atlantean has a very strict w:subject–object–verb word order, with no deviations from this pattern attested. Adjectives and nouns in the genitive case follow the nouns they modify, adpositions appear only in the form of w:postpositions, and modal verbs follow the verbs that they modify and subsequently take all personal and aspectual suffixes. However, adverbs precede verbs. The language includes the use of an interrogative particle to form questions with no variation in word order.[1]
Some sentences appear to employ some kind of particles sometimes termed "sentence connectors". These particles are of obscure meaning but are theorized to relate two clauses in a logical yet idiomatic manner.[1] The exact meaning and usage of these particles is not known, but without them sentences are difficult to reconcile with their translations.
Example:
- Wiltem neb gamosetot deg duweren tirid.
- city-acc dem see-pres-3rd.sg part outsider-pl all.
- No outsiders may see the city and live. But more literally: "He sees the city particle all outsiders."
In the example above there is no actual mention of the consequences for outsiders, yet the subtitle in the movie translates it as a warning even without any mention of living or dying. A possibility exists that, in order to match the lip movement of the characters in the movie and the time of the dialogue, the language had to be shortened, often leaving out key parts of the sentence. It is known that the Atlantean lines in the movie were w:ad-libbed afterwards.
Another example:
- Tab.top, lud.en neb.et kwam gesu bog.e.kem deg yasek.en gesu.go.ntoh.
- father-voc, person-pl dem-pl neg help be.able-pres-1st.sg part noble-pl
- Father, these people may be able to help us. But more literally: "Oh Father, we cannot help these people particle they will help the nobles."[1]
In this example the sentences seem to be better connected, and the particle is rendered as almost "but, yet". It is difficult to reconcile the two, however.
Nouns
Atlantean has seven cases for nouns, five for pronouns and two for numbers.
Grammatical cases
| Name | Suffix | Example | English Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | no suffix | yob | the crystal (subject). |
| Accusative | -tem | yobtem | the crystal (object). |
| Genitive | -ag | yobag | of the crystal |
| Vocative | -top Template:R | Yobtop | O Crystal! |
| Instrumental | -esh | yobesh | using crystal |
| Essive | -kup Template:R | yobkup | (as, composed of, being) crystal |
| Dative | -nuh Template:R | yobnuh | (for, to, on behalf of) crystal |
Notes:
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "footnote1" defined in <references> has group attribute "decimal" which does not appear in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag with name "footnote2" defined in <references> has group attribute "decimal" which does not appear in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "footnote3" defined in <references> has group attribute "decimal" which does not appear in prior text.Other suffixes
| Grammatical Function | Suffix | Example | English Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plural | -en | yoben | crystals |
| Augmentative | -mok | Yobmok | The Great Crystal |
Nouns are marked as plural with the suffix -en. Case suffixes never precede the -en plural suffix. "-Mok" occurs after it.
Pronouns
| Person | Number | Familiarity | Independent Pronoun | Suffix | English Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Singular | – | kag | -ik | I |
| 2nd | Singular | – | moh | -en | thou |
| 3rd | Singular | – | tug tuh tok | -ot | he she it |
| 1st | Plural | – | gwis | -kem | we |
| 2nd | Plural | Unfamiliar | gebr | -eh | you (unfamiliar) |
| 2nd | Plural | Familiar | gabr | -eh | you (familiar) |
| 3rd | Plural | – | sob | -toh | they |
There are five cases for pronouns.
Grammatical cases
| Name | Suffix | Example | English Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| w:Nominative | no suffix | kag | I |
| w:Accusative | -it | kagit | me, whom was (sent), etc. |
| w:Dative | -ib | kagib | (to) me |
| w:Genitive | -in | kagin | my (my heart, karod kagin) |
| w:Instrumental | -is | kagis | by my means, with (using) me, via me, etc. Template:R |
Notes:
<ref> tag with name "footnote1" defined in <references> has group attribute "decimal" which does not appear in prior text.Verbs
Verbs are inflected with two suffixes, one for tense/aspect and the next for person/number.[1]
Tense/aspect suffixes
| Name | Suffix | Example | English Gloss | Other Examples | English Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | -e | bernot.e.kik | I bring | sapoh.e.kik | I view |
| Present Perfect | -le | bernot.le.kik | I have brought | ||
| Present Obligatory | -se | bernot.se.kik | I am obliged to bring | kaber.se.kem | we are obliged to warn |
| Simple Past | -i | bernot.i.mik | I brought | es.i.mot, sapoh.i.mik | it was, I viewed |
| Immediate Past | -ib | bernot.ib.mik | I just brought | ||
| Past Perfect | -li | bernot.li.mik | I had brought | ||
| Simple Future | -o | bernot.o.mik | I will bring | komtib.o.nen | you will find |
| Future Possible | -go | bernot.go.mik | I may bring | gesu.go.ntoh | they may help |
| Future Perfect | -lo | bernot.lo.mik | I will have brought | komtib.lo.nen | you will have found |
| Future Obligatory | -so | bernot.so.mik | I will be obliged to bring | komtib.so.nen | you will be obliged to find |
Mood and Voice suffixes
| Name | Suffix | Example | English Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative Mood Singular | no suffix | bernot!, nageb! | bring!, enter! |
| Imperative Mood Plural | -yoh | bernot.yoh!, nageb.yoh! | (you all) bring!, (you all) enter! |
| Passive Voice | -esh | pag.esh.e.nen, bernot.esh.ib.mik | you are thanked (thank you), I was just brought |
| Infinitive | -e | bernot.e, wegen.e, gamos.e | to bring, to travel, to see |
Other resources
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Production Notes." Atlantis-The Lost Empire. Ed. Tim Montgomery, 1996–2007. The Unofficial Disney Animation Archive. 13 January 2007. Animationarchive.netTemplate:Dead link
- ^ Kalin-Casey, Mary. “Charting Atlantis the crew behind Disney’s latest animated adventure takes you behind the scenes.” Features Interviews. 17 January 2007 Reel.com Template:Webarchive
- ^ Murphy, Tab, Platon, David Reyolds, Gary Trousdale, Joss Whedon, Kirk Wise, Bryce Zabel, and Jackie Zabel. Atlantis the Lost Empire: The Illustrated Script [Abridged Version with Notes from the Filmmakers], 55.
- ^ Henn, Peter (June 1, 2001). "Finding Atlantis". w:Film Journal International. http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000692578. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
- ^ Wloszczyna, Susan. “New movie trek for wordsmith.” USA Today Online. 24 May 2001. 12 Jan. 2007. USA Today