User:Chrysophylax/Proto-Lusanic

Proto-Lúsanic, also Proto-Lusanic, (sometimes abbreviated PLu.), is the reconstructed ancestral language of all the Lúsanian languages, including Aurónian, Finian and the Limbe-Mereian languages. Proto-Lúsanic is classified as being part of the “centum” languages (similarly to Italic, Celtic, Germanic, etc.), having merged the traditional palatovelar and plain series of the Proto-Indo-European plosives.

The reconstruction of Proto-Lúsanic is currently being undertaken but suffers from a lack of recorded sources as written material is mostly attested from one branch (Finio-Dhannic).

Sound changes from Proto-Indo-European

Late Proto-Indo-European

Many of these changes were shared by other branches of the Indo-European family.

• “Palatovelars” merge with the “plain” velars (centumization):

• /ḱ/ → /k/
• /ǵ/ → /g/
• /ǵʱ/ → /gʱ/

• Two adjacent dentals become *ss:

• /dt/ → /ss/
• /tt/ → /ss/
• /dd/ → /ss/

• metathesis of “thorn clusters” (TK > KT, e.g. *h₂rtkos → *h₂rktos)

• Loss of laryngeals before a following vowel:

• /h₁e/ → /e/ ~ /i/
• /h₂e/ → /a/
• /h₃e/ → /o/

• Loss of laryngeals after a preceding vowel, lengthening and colouring it:

• /eh₁/ → /ē/
• /eh₂/ → /ā/
• /eh₃/ → /ō/

Early Proto-Lúsanic

• Loss of laryngeals by vocalisation between two plosives (CHC > CVC)

  /h₁/ → /i/

  /h₂/ → /a/

  /h₃/ → /o/

• Labiovelars and sequences of velar + *w merge:

• /kʷ/ → /kw/
• /gʷ/ → /gw/
• /gʷʱ/ → /gʱw/

• Sequences of *s + plosive simplify to *ss

• /st/ → /ss/
• /sk/ → /ss/

• *m becomes *n before dentals and at the end of words.

• /m̩d/ → /n̩d/
• /m̩t/ → /n̩t/
• /m#/ → /n#/

• Sequences of a nasal and velar reduce to *nn in a two-step process.

1. velars turn into a nasal velar
   • /nk/ → /nŋ/
   • /ng/ → /nŋ/
   • /ngʱ/ → /nŋ/
2. nasal velars are de-velarized after a nasal
   • /nŋ/ → /nn/

Proto-Lúsanic

• Epethentic *a inserted before syllabic resonants except if blocked by preceding *Vr:

• /m̩/ → /am/
• /n̩/ → /an/
• /l̩/ → /al/
• /r̩/ → /ar/

• Merger of short *a into *ā in closed and stressed syllables:

  /CáC/ → /Cā́C/

• labiovelar sequences become *w intervocalically:

• /kw/ → /w/
• /gw/ → /w/

• Fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l:

• /kw/ → /hw/
• /gw/ → /hw/
• /gʱw/ → /hw/

• All words become stressed on the first syllable (e.g. *gʰortós → *gʰórtos)

• Lowering of *e to *a if the following syllable has *a (e.g *ésanti → *ásanti)

• Raising of *o after *w

• /wo/ → /wu/

• Voicing of plosives between a resonant and a vowel (RCV > RC_+voicedV)

Late Proto-Lúsanic

These features spread somewhat unevenly among the daughter branches of Proto-Lúsanic, but still probably constituted a single intelligible dialect continuum.

• Voicing of word-medial and word-final *s

• /s/ → /z/

• Loss of word-initial *h when followed by a liquid

• /hl/ → /l/
• /hr/ → /r/

• Merger of *sp into *ss

Examples

PIE	Proto-Lusanic	Example
		Proto-Lusanic	Descendants
*p	*p	pátēr	Dh. pathair
*t	*t	túsdandi	Dh. tasandh
*k	*k	káptōd	Fin. haftaa (< earlier *kaftaa)

Morphology

Noun

A minor collapse of the athematic/thematic distinction is observed, e.g. the thematic ablative -ad is here found on a traditionally athematic stem.

pátēr (Brightraven 2013)
Number	Singular		Plural
Nominative	pátēr, *~īr		páteris
Vocative	pátre		páteris
Genitive	pátaris		pātaroun
Accusative	pátern		pā́terans
Dative	pátarei		pátaribhos
Ablative	pátarad		pátaribhos
Instrumental	pátarei		pátaribhī
Locative	pátarei		pátarais

yúgon (Brightraven 2013)
Number	Singular		Plural
Nominative	yúgon		yúgā
Vocative	yúgon		yúgā
Genitive	yúgis		yúgon
Accusative	yúgon		yúgā
Dative	yúgei		yúgibhos
Ablative	yúgad		yúgibhos
Instrumental	yúgei		yugibhī
Locative	yúgei		yúgais

Verb

Loss of the middle voice r-endings.

Creation of the future tense from former desiderative -s-.

Copula

Person	Present indicative	Imperfect indicative	Optative	Imperative
1st singular	*ísani	*ásan	*ísjēn	—
2nd singular	*íssi	*ís	*isjēs	*ísdʰi
3rd singular	*ísti	*íst	*isjēt	*ístu
1st dual	*swús	*swé	*sī́we	—
2nd dual	*ístes	*íston	*íston	*íston
3rd dual	*ístes	*ístān	*ístān	*ístān
1st plural	*sámos	*ísan	*sīn	—
2nd plural	*ísti	*ísti	*sī́ti	*ísti
3rd plural	*ásandi	*sánad	*sjánad	*sándu

Numerals

• 'one':
• 'two':
• 'three':
• 'four': *wetwōr (> Finian vissaa wissâ, Limbe ωλυηρ ōluār, Dhannuá uéduór )
• 'five': *pennwe (> Old Dhannuá PENVE penwe, Finian finni finni)
• 'six':
• 'seven':

Schleicher's PIE fable rendered into Proto-Lusanic

Here follows a 'direct' phonetic evolution of the reconstructed PIE text in Proto-Lusanic.

Proto-Lusanic (Bhitar Morningway)

[Warai] Owiz, éwūzwe, wésjo wŭ́lnā ne est, éwunz spéket, aiwón warún wúghon weghondan, aiwónwe méghan bhóron, aiwonwe ghámenn, ṓku bhérondan. Owiz nu éwaibhoz wéuwet: kḗr aghnuda moy éwunz agondan néran wídandey. Ewoz tu weuwont: klúdhi, owei, kḗr aghnuda ánsmei wídandibhoz. anḗr, pódiz, awjon rṓ wúlnān sebhi warnéudi nu wéramon wéstron néghi awion wulnā ésdi. Tód hluwuz owiz agron bhugét.

Proto-Lusanic (Ivanin Aiduvitić)

[Wérei] Owis, éwēswe, wési̯o wŭ́lnā ne íst, éwāns spéket, éwon wárun wúghon woghondan, éwonwe méghan bhóron, éwonwe ghámenan, ṓku bhérondan. Owis nu éwai̯bhos wū́wet: kḗr aghna moi̯ éwens agondan néran wídandei̯. Eweis tu wū́wont: lúdhi, owei, kḗr aghna ánsamei̯ wídandibhos: ánēr, pódis, áwi̯on rō wúlnān swébhi wárnūdi nu wéramon wéstron néghi áwi̯on wŭ́lnā íst. Tód lúwus owis nu agron bhúget.

Late Proto-Lusanic (Karl Svensson)

[Wórei̯] Úis, ū́ziswe, úzi̯o ulanā ne ísti, ū́ans spéket, éūn wórun wúghon wóghondan, éūnwe mághan bhóron, éūnwe ghámenan, ṓku bhérondan. Úis nu ūobhos wū́t: kḗr aghana moi̯ ū́ins agondan néran wídandei̯. Úīs tu wūnt: lúdhi, úi, kḗr aghana ánasmei̯ wídandibhos: ánēr, pódis, ūi̯on rō ūlanān swébhi wórnūdi nu wóramon wóstaron néghi ūi̯on ŭlanā ísti. Tód lūs úis nu agron bhúget.