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Phonology

Grimm's law

Also Verner's law?

get hon. sg. (nouns) -er ~ hon. sg. (verbs) -s, s- with Verner

Diachronics

Verner's law

Verner's law was discovered by the Shalaian linguist Nirria Verner (Nérrir Vernr).

The consonant change is: f θ s ł x xʷ > v ð z ʒ l ɣ ɣʷ > b d r ž l g w

PId had variable stress. In PShal, words that were penult stressed in PId changed to have final stress because endings dropped out, while keeping PId stød. Verner's law occurred before the stress shifted away from final in final stressed words, again, and affected consonants immediately after a stressed syllable in this intermediate stage. It has no effect after stressed syllables with stød

PId hon. sg. *-asV > PShal *-áz > Shal. -r honorific verbs on the other hand weren't affected by the penultimate to ultimate stress thing hence hon sg verb affix -s

Morphology

Verner results in affix allomorphy and Grammatischer Wechsel

The auxiliary

Should be as far from cartesian product as possible. Justify with analytic constructions; relex Welsh

• direct imperfect: vor ← *bō ʕar = mae e'n, mar ← *bō mad ʕar = dydy e ddim yn
• direct perfect: lōkh ← *li ʔōkʷ = mi naeth e, vizha ← *bō hašgā = mae e heb
• direct irrealis: zhar't ← *jar kʷãtʼ = lit. stands before

Proto-Shalaian TAM markers

	imperfect		perfect		irrealis
	pos.	neg.	pos.	neg.	pos.	neg.
direct (verbal)	bō ʕar	bō mad ʕar	li ʔōkʷ	bō ašgā	jar kʷãt	bãy
question	ʔam	ʔam yankʷid	ʔōkʷ	ʔōkʷ rāk	ʔam nayd	ʔam tuhar nayd
relativizer (direct)	bī	dō bī	bī ʔōkʷ	dō bī ʔōkʷ rāk	bī kʷãt	dō bī kʷãt
relativizer (indirect)	čʼã	dō čʼã	čʼã ʔōkʷ	dō čʼã ʔōkʷ rāk	čʼã jar kʷãt	dō čʼã jar kʷãt
complementizer	ʔit	dō rāk ʔikʷ	ʔit hin	dō rāk hin	napā	dō jar rā ʔikʷ
if (real)	čīr	čīr rāk ʔikʷ	čīr hin	čīr rāk hin	(ʔam) kʷid ʔit	yankʷid rā ʔikʷ
if (irreal or less vivid)	rū ʕar ʔit	rū ʕar rāk ʔikʷ	rū ʕar bō hin ʔit	rū ʕar rāk hin	rū ʕar kʷid rā ʔit	rū ʕar yankʷid rā ʔikʷ

Syntax

Proto-Shalaian syntax was AuxVOS:

• Stative verbs (eventually all intransitives): Aux_i prep VN-w_i S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
• Dynamic verbs (eventually transitives): Aux_i prep s_j-VN-w_i O_j S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
• Infinitive clauses: prep VN.INF-w_i S_i O ... (nom/acc in Shal.)

Proto-Shalaic