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Kämpya: Difference between revisions
Section on polar questions added
(Started section on infinitives) |
(Section on polar questions added) |
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Don't bite the dog. | Don't bite the dog. | ||
It is also perfectly possible to front the argument of /nâ̰/ e.g. | It is also perfectly possible to front the argument of /nâ̰/ e.g. | ||
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dog 2PS.ERG bite.CMPD PROH | dog 2PS.ERG bite.CMPD PROH | ||
The dog must not be bitten. | The dog must not be bitten (by you). | ||
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The guardian must not bite the dog. | The guardian must not bite the dog. | ||
==Interrogatives== | |||
===Polar Questions=== | |||
These are formed by inserting /du/ into the same syntactic "slot" that the negation particle /ná/ would go in e.g. | |||
We can say | |||
/ŋí=dú=káiʔk kʰwèi̤/ | |||
2PS.ACC=QN=bite dog | |||
Were you bitten by the dog? | |||
as well as | |||
/dú=ŋí=káiʔk kʰwèi̤/ | |||
QN=2PS.ACC=bite dog | |||
Were '''you''' weren't bitten by the dog? / Was it you that was bitten by the dog? | |||
and | |||
/ŋí=káiʔk dú=kʰwèi̤/ | |||
2PS.ACC=bite QN=dog | |||
Were you bitten by '''the dog'''? Was it the dog that bit you? | |||
Like with /na/, /du/ can also attach to adjectives e.g. | |||
/ŋí=káiʔk dú=nòuʔp kʰwèi̤/ | |||
2PS.ACC=bite QN=small.REST dog | |||
Were you bitten by the '''small''' dog? / Was it the '''small''' dog that bit you?? (or were you bitten by the big dog?) | |||
And adverbs e.g. | |||
/ŋí=káiʔk dù=néʔk kʰwèi̤/ | |||
2PS.ACC=bite QN=deep.ADV dog | |||
Were you bitten '''deeply''' by the dog? (or was it a shallow bite?) | |||
However, if the word after /du/ begins with a vowel, an epenthetic /w/ is inserted e.g. | |||
/ŋí=dúw=áˈlôṵn kʰwèi̤/ | |||
2PS.ACC=QN=abandon dog | |||
You weren't abandoned by the dog. | |||
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==Verb | ==Verb Subordination== | ||
===Basic Infinitives=== | |||
This construction is used when the subject of both verbs is the same. | |||
The infinitives are placed in Tone Class 2. Unlike English, they precede the finite verb e.g. from the sentence: | |||
/ˈḛ̂nèmì kúʔn/ | /ˈḛ̂nèmì kúʔn/ | ||
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However, if a finite verb such as /ˈwóʔnà/ attaches to to an infinitive being used | However, if a finite verb such as /ˈwóʔnà/ attaches to to an infinitive being used transitively, then it does not need to take the antipassive e.g. | ||
/kʰwèi̤=zù kàiʔk ˈwóʔnà ˈḛ̂nèmì/ | /kʰwèi̤=zù kàiʔk ˈwóʔnà ˈḛ̂nèmì/ | ||
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Notice how the tones of /kúʔn/ - "to depart" and /káiʔk/ - "to bite" have changed to /kùʔn/, and /kàiʔk/. This is since when they become infinitive they takes Tone Class 2. A similar thing can happen with /pʰḭ̂nì/ - "to finish" e.g. | Notice how the tones of /kúʔn/ - "to depart" and /káiʔk/ - "to bite" have changed to /kùʔn/, and /kàiʔk/. This is since when they become infinitive they takes Tone Class 2. A similar thing can happen with /pʰḭ̂nì/ - "to finish" e.g. | ||
/ˈḛ̂nèmì kùʔn ˈpʰḭ̰̀ní ˈwóʔnà/ | /ˈḛ̂nèmì θú=kùʔn ˈpʰḭ̰̀ní ˈwóʔnà/ | ||
enemy depart.INF finish.INF want | enemy ANTIP.depart.INF finish.INF want | ||
The enemy wants to finish departing. | The enemy wants to finish departing. | ||