Ilithian/Prakrit: Difference between revisions
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= Early Prakrit = | = Early Prakrit = | ||
== Pronouns == | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | |||
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive | |||
|- | |||
! m. || f. || n. | |||
|- | |||
! nom. | |||
| ''aha, já, ha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''-'' | |||
|- | |||
! acc. | |||
| ''mý, me'' || ''tý, te'' || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý, se'' | |||
|- | |||
! gen. | |||
| ''maná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná'' | |||
|- | |||
! dat. | |||
| ''meži'', ''mé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé'' | |||
|- | |||
! abl. | |||
| ''mežách'', ''mách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách'' | |||
|- | |||
! ins. | |||
| ''maný'' (m), ''majá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f) | |||
|- | |||
! loc. | |||
| ''maj'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji'' | |||
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl. | |||
|- | |||
! m. || f. || n. | |||
|- | |||
! nom. | |||
| ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || ''tá'' | |||
|- | |||
! acc. | |||
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''tech'' || ''tá'' | |||
|- | |||
! gen. | |||
| ''nasmou'' || ''jusmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou'' | |||
|- | |||
! dat. | |||
| ''nabh, nasmabh'' || ''jubh, jusmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh'' | |||
|- | |||
! abl. | |||
| ''nabh, nasmabh'' || ''jubh, jusmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh'' | |||
|- | |||
! ins. | |||
| ''nabhi, nasmabhi'' || ''jubhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch'' | |||
|- | |||
! loc. | |||
| ''nasméš'' || ''jusméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš'' | |||
|} | |||
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šich (distance-neutral) | |||
Interrogative (determiner and pronoun): či, čí, čich | |||
Relative: ja, já, jach | |||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
(-č/-če/-ce/-tě) behaves more like a contrast particle than in literary Ilithian | (-č/-če/-ce/-tě) behaves more like a contrast particle than in literary Ilithian |
Revision as of 14:55, 9 May 2021
Early Prakrit
Pronouns
case | 1sg. | 2sg. | 3sg. | reflexive | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m. | f. | n. | ||||||||||
nom. | aha, já, ha | tú | sa | sá | tach | - | ||||||
acc. | mý, me | tý, te | ta | tou | tach | sý, se | ||||||
gen. | maná | tvaná | taš | tech | taš | svaná | ||||||
dat. | meži, mé | tebhi, té | tasmej | tašáj, táj | tasmej | sebhi, sé | ||||||
abl. | mežách, mách | tebhách, tvách | tasmách | tašách | tasmách | sebhách, svách | ||||||
ins. | maný (m), majá (f) | tvaný (m/n), tvajá (f) | taný | tajá | taný | svaný (m/n), svajá (f) | ||||||
loc. | maj | tvaji | tasmi | tašé | tasmi | svaji | case | 1pl. | 2pl. | 3pl. | ||
m. | f. | n. | ||||||||||
nom. | véch | júch | sí | sech | tá | |||||||
acc. | nas | jus | touch | tech | tá | |||||||
gen. | nasmou | jusmou | téšou | tášou | téšou | |||||||
dat. | nabh, nasmabh | jubh, jusmabh | tébh | tábh | tébh | |||||||
abl. | nabh, nasmabh | jubh, jusmabh | tébh | tábh | tébh | |||||||
ins. | nabhi, nasmabhi | jubhi | téch | tábhi | téch | |||||||
loc. | nasméš | jusméš | téš | táš | téš |
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šich (distance-neutral)
Interrogative (determiner and pronoun): či, čí, čich
Relative: ja, já, jach
Nouns
(-č/-če/-ce/-tě) behaves more like a contrast particle than in literary Ilithian
o-stems
vrk (m.) = wolf | löüšná (f.) = moon, month | öüšta (n.) = mouth | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
Nominative | vrk | vrký | löüšná | löüšnech | öüšta | öüštá |
Genitive | vrkách | vrköü | löüšnách | löüšnöü | öüštách | öüštöü |
Dative | vrkej | vrkabh | löüšnej | löüšnábh | öüštej | öüštabh |
Accusative | vrka | vrköüch | löüšnöü | löüšnech | öüšta | öüštá |
Instrumental | vrkaný | vrkabhi | löüšnajá | löüšnábhi | öüštaný | öüštabhi |
Locative | vrkami | vrkýš | löüšný, löüšnaší | löüšnáš | öüštami | öüštýš |
Vocative | vrče! | vrký! | löüšna! | löüšnech! | öüšte! | öüštá! |
i-stems
ageň (m.) = fire | mať (f.) = thought, idea | mař (n.) = sea | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
Nominative | ageň | agní | mať | matěch | mař | maří |
Genitive | agních | agňöü | matích | maťöü | mařích | mařöü |
Dative | agněj | agněbh | matěj | matěbh | mařej | mařebh |
Accusative | agni | agních | mati | matěch | mař | maří |
Instrumental | agněný | agněbhi | matijá | matěbhi | mařený | mařebhi |
Locative | agněmi | agníš | maťí, matěší | matíš | mařemi | maříš |
Vocative | agně! | agní! | maťi! | matěch! | maře! | maří! |
Feminines in -í
patní (f.) = wife | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
Nominative | patní | patních | |
Genitive | patních | patnijöü | |
Dative | patní | patníbh | |
Accusative | patní | patních | |
Instrumental | patnijá | patníbhi | |
Locative | patnijí, patníší | patníš | |
Vocative | patní! | patních! |
u-stems
výju (m.) = wind | žöüštú (f.) = meat | medhu (n.) = honey | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
Nominative | výju | výjavý | žöüštú | žöüštavech | medhu | medhú |
Genitive | výjöüch | výjavöü | žöüštöüch | žöüštavöü | medhöüch | medhavöü |
Dative | výjavej | výjubh | žöüštaváj | žöüštubh | medhavej | medhubh |
Accusative | výjú | výjúch | žöüštú | žöüštúch | medhu | medhú |
Instrumental | výjuný | výjubhi | žöüštujá | žöüštubhi | medhuný | medhubhi |
Locative | výjumi | výjúš | žöüštavý, žöüštúší | žöüštúš | medhumi | medhúš |
Vocative | výjöü! | výjavý! | žöüštöü! | žöüstavach! | medhöü! | medhú! |
n-stems
žmů (m.) = human | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
Nominative | žmů | žmený |
Genitive | žmenách | žmenöü |
Dative | žmenej | žmenabh |
Accusative | žmena | žmenach |
Instrumental | žmenaný | žmenabhi |
Locative | žmenami | žmenýš |
Vocative | žmů! | žmený! |
ma-stems
-ma nouns regularize to -mena nouns (cf. Czech)
vlamena (n.) = name | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
Nominative | vlamena | vlamená | |
Genitive | vlamenách | vlamenöü | |
Dative | vlamenej | vlamenabh | |
Accusative | vlamena | vlamená | |
Instrumental | vlamenaný | vlamenabhi | |
Locative | vlamenami | vlamenýš | |
Vocative | vlamena! | vlamená! |
s-stems
nebh regularizes to nebhesa
Other athematics
Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, vrýž 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular i-stem masculine noun.
-ýr nouns
TODO: Family members patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesýr, sún, duhatýr
patýr (m.) = father | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
Nominative | patýr | patrý |
Genitive | patrách | patröü |
Dative | patrej | patrabh |
Accusative | patra | patröüch |
Instrumental | patraný | patrabhi |
Locative | patrami | patrýš |
Vocative | patre! | patrý! |
Copula
Present
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | smi, jsmi | sme, jsme |
2nd | si, jsi | ste, jste |
3rd | (zero) | (zero) |
Late Prakrit
Veering towards Altaic, topic prominent grammar; ou > ő shift is complete; u, ú > /y y:/ is complete
Nouns
Old plural forms get displaced by old collective noun suffixes.
vrk (m.) = wolf | ||
---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | vrk | vrk-ol |
Genitive | vrk-ach | vrk-ol-ach |
Dative/Allative | vrk-pi | vrk-ol-pi |
Accusative | vrk-ej | vrk-ol-ej |
Instrumental | vrk-any | vrk-ol-any |
Locative | vrk-ami | vrk-ol-ami |
Adjectives
Adjectives don't agree for number and case anymore
/ɕy:rt jɛʂv/ = good horse; /ɕy:rt dʐɛna/ = good wife; /ɕy:rt dʰɛnə/ = good child
Copula
Present
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | =(e)hem | =(e)hme |
2nd | =(e)si | =(e)ste |
3rd | (zero) | (zero) |