User:Chrysophylax/Phonology: Difference between revisions

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==Evolution from Proto-Indo-European==
Establishing the “upper boundary” of Proto-Hirathic is a very tricksy business. The “lower boundary” even more-so! And somewhere, I'll have to split up the purto-langwjey into an early (EPH) and a late (LPH) stage.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Vowels===
===Vowels===

Latest revision as of 23:34, 20 July 2014

Evolution from Proto-Indo-European

Establishing the “upper boundary” of Proto-Hirathic is a very tricksy business. The “lower boundary” even more-so! And somewhere, I'll have to split up the purto-langwjey into an early (EPH) and a late (LPH) stage.

Phonology

Vowels

Vocalisation of laryngeals

  1. ASSUME GREEK TRIPLE REFLEX
  2. Exceptions: -h₃w-, -gH--gw-, -gʰ-.

Short vowels

  1. The short vowel system inherited from Late Indo-European remained surprisingly stable with only a raising of IE *o to u and a diphthongisation of IE *e in some phonological contexts.
    1. IE *a was preserved as a
    2. IE *o was preserved as o except R_Cʷ where it was raised to u.
      bori ‘hill’ < IE *gʷor̥
      nyps ‘night’ < EPH *núpts < IE *nókʷts
    3. IE *e was preserved initially as e.
      thémmi ‘I say’ < IE *ḱéh₁mi
    4. EPH *e would later diphthongise into je between a resonant and a consonant.
      khirjéthōi ‘harder’ < LPH *χĭrjéθōi < EPH *χrétʲōi < IE *kret-yō-s
    5. IE *i yields i except after a labial and before a consonant where it becomes e.
      limpimos ‘we allow’ < EPH *linpimós < IE *linkʷm̥ós
      pes ‘who’ < IE *kʷis
    6. IE *u was preserved as u

Long vowels

  1. The IE long vowels are well preserved, if not always in the original form.
    1. IE ā
    2. IE ē
    3. IE → EPH i
    4. IE ō
    5. IE → EPH *u̯iy

Diphthongs

  1. The IE system of diphthongs was fully preserved in the earliest stages of the language but would later be much simplified.
    1. IE *aiai
    2. IE *oiai
    3. IE *eiei
    4. IE *auau
    5. IE *ouau
    6. IE *euū~eu
    7. IE *Vi̯ (where V is a long vowel) → V

Sonorants

    1. Both nasal *ṃ *ṇ become EPH *a.
      áphros ‘storm cloud’ < EPH aphrós < PIE *n̥bʰrós
      káton ‘a hundred’ < EPH katóm < PIE *ḱm̥tóm
    2. Syllabic liquid sonorants have multiple reflexes.
      1. *ri appears before *s *tʲ
      2. *ir appears before all other consonants.
      3. *al appears before other sonorants.
      4. *la before all other stops.
    3. Asyllabic sonorants remain largely unchanged
      1. *y → EPH *j, EPH *Cʲ in C_V, and *i̯-*dj-
        drū́j ‘to the tree’ < EPH dreuej < *dr-éw-ey dat. sg. of *dóru
        thōránā ‘season’ < EPH djōranā́ < IE yōr-mṇ-ā̬́