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* Proto-Netagin had a marked absolute state in -i, construct removed the -i
* Proto-Netagin had a marked absolute state in -i, construct removed the -i
** Decl A: sg -i/-0 > stress patterns, pl -āli/-āl > pl -ůl/-ů
** Decl A: sg -i/-0 > stress patterns, pl -āli/-āl > pl -ůl/-ů
** Decl B: sg -eki/-ek > PNtg -eč/-ek > CNtg -iš/-ek, pl -aka/-ak > -ā/-ak > CNtg -a/-ak
** Decl B: sg -eki/-ek > PNtg -eć/-ek > CNtg -iś/-ek, pl -aka/-ak > -ā/-ak > CNtg -a/-ak


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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===Other phonetic rules===
===Other phonetic rules===
* y > i, after C[+palatal]: šy žy čy ťy ďy jy > ši ži či ťi ďi ji
* y > i, after C[+palatal]: śy źy ćy ťy ďy jy > śi źi ći ťi ďi ji
* In unstressed syllables, a > e after C[+palatal]: ša ža ča ťa ďa ja > še že če ťe ďe je
* In unstressed syllables, a > e after C[+palatal]: śa źa ća ťa ďa ja > śe źe će ťe ďe je
* unstresssed y > a adjacent before /l/
* unstresssed y > a adjacent before /l/


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===Pronominal markers===
===Pronominal markers===
Netagin has many sets of personal markers:
Netagin has many sets of personal markers:
*Independent personal pronouns, serving as subject pronouns in independent clauses (corresponding to Lushootseed ''čəd''-words)
*Independent personal pronouns, serving as subject pronouns in independent clauses (corresponding to Lushootseed ''ćəd''-words)
*Emphatic personal pronouns: used for emphasis, and for calling someone with a 2nd person pronoun (corresponding to Lushootseed ''ʔaca''-words)
*Emphatic personal pronouns: used for emphasis, and for calling someone with a 2nd person pronoun (corresponding to Lushootseed ''ʔaca''-words)
*The "me too, you too, etc." forms
*The "me too, you too, etc." forms
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|-
|-
! Independent
! Independent
| ''vyli'' || ''vydů'' || ''-'' || ''vyčů'' || ''vyčiem'' || ''vynni'' || ''-''
| ''vyli'' || ''vydů'' || ''-'' || ''vyćů'' || ''vyćiem'' || ''vynni'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! Emphatic
! Emphatic
| ''hali'' || ''hadů'' || ''qenna'' || ''hynčů'' || ''hynčiem'' || ''hanni'' || ''qiena''
| ''hali'' || ''hadů'' || ''qenna'' || ''hynćů'' || ''hynćiem'' || ''hanni'' || ''qiena''
|-
|-
! Alienable
! Alienable
| ''l(e)-'' || ''t(e)-'' || ''qyn-/qym-'' || ''č(e)-'' || ''b(e)-'' || ''n(e)-'' || ''qie-''  
| ''l(e)-'' || ''t(e)-'' || ''qyn-/qym-'' || ''ć(e)-'' || ''b(e)-'' || ''n(e)-'' || ''qie-''  
|-
|-
! Inalienable
! Inalienable
| ''-al'' || ''-da'' || ''-i'' || ''-čů'' || ''-čiem'' || ''-bi'' || ''-us''
| ''-al'' || ''-da'' || ''-i'' || ''-ćů'' || ''-ćiem'' || ''-bi'' || ''-us''
|-
|-
! "X too"
! "X too"
| ''telaš'' || ''tedaš'' || ''qenaš'' || ''tyčaš'' || ''tymaš'' || ''tynnaš'' || ''qevaš''
| ''telaś'' || ''tedaś'' || ''qenaś'' || ''tyćaś'' || ''tymaś'' || ''tynnaś'' || ''qevaś''
|-
|-
|}
|}
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!
!
! colspan=2| ''liet'' = man (decl. A)
! colspan=2| ''liet'' = man (decl. A)
! colspan=2| ''qăšteleš'' = sparrow (decl. B)
! colspan=2| ''qăśteleś'' = sparrow (decl. B)
! colspan=2| ''jůši'' = person (decl. C)
! colspan=2| ''jůśi'' = person (decl. C)
! colspan=2| ''Nătahin'' = Netagin person (decl. D)
! colspan=2| ''Nătahin'' = Netagin person (decl. D)
|-
|-
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|align="right"|'''Absolute state'''
|align="right"|'''Absolute state'''
|''liet'' ||''liet'''ůl'''''
|''liet'' ||''liet'''ůl'''''
|''qăštel'''eš''''' ||''qăštel'''aš'''''
|''qăśtel'''eś''''' ||''qăśtel'''aś'''''
|''jůši'' ||'''''qy'''jůši''
|''jůśi'' ||'''''qy'''jůśi''
||''Nătah'''in'''''||''Nătah'''ie'''''
||''Nătah'''in'''''||''Nătah'''ie'''''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Construct state'''
|align="right"|'''Construct state'''
|''liet-'' ||''liet'''ů'''-''
|''liet-'' ||''liet'''ů'''-''
|''qyštyl'''ek-''''' ||''qyštyl'''ak-'''''
|''qyśtyl'''ek-''''' ||''qyśtyl'''ak-'''''
|''jůšė-'' ||'''''qy'''jůšė-''
|''jůśė-'' ||'''''qy'''jůśė-''
||''-''||''-''
||''-''||''-''
|}
|}
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The suffix ''-in'' (which is analogous to Semitic ''-i'') is used on some nouns and adjectives. These don't have separate construct state forms.
The suffix ''-in'' (which is analogous to Semitic ''-i'') is used on some nouns and adjectives. These don't have separate construct state forms.


:'''''"Qaj, laršip ne dáqer rysohe qalok." baruc ne qama.'''''
:'''''"Qaj, larśip ne dáqer rysohe qalok." baruc ne qama.'''''
:/ʔaj lɐr'ʃip nɛ 'daʔɛr rɨso'ɦɛ ʔɐ'lok ba'ruts nɛə ʔɐma/
:/ʔaj lɐr'ʃip nɛ 'daʔɛr rɨso'ɦɛ ʔɐ'lok ba'ruts nɛə ʔɐma/
:MIR me-exceed-he DET.SING son.SING big-ADV already speak-3SG.F DET mother.SING
:MIR me-exceed-he DET.SING son.SING big-ADV already speak-3SG.F DET mother.SING
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====Verb stems====
====Verb stems====
Netagin has 10 binyanim (''piččetůl'' from p-č-t "time"). They encode various aspects, aktionsarten or manners of action (rather than mainly voice like Semitic binyanim):
Netagin has 10 binyanim (''piććetůl'' from p-ć-t "time"). They encode various aspects, aktionsarten or manners of action (rather than mainly voice like Semitic binyanim):
*Binyan 1 (''mėcaŋ'') verbs are primarily basic iterative, imperfective or habitual actions, including stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
*Binyan 1 (''mėcaŋ'') verbs are primarily basic iterative, imperfective or habitual actions, including stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
**For example, ''teŋal'' means 'to know'
**For example, ''teŋal'' means 'to know'
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|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''qămacoŋ'' || ''-amcoŋ'' || ''-ymyncoŋ'' || ''qămacůŋ'' || ''qămcaŋeš''
| ''qămacoŋ'' || ''-amcoŋ'' || ''-ymyncoŋ'' || ''qămacůŋ'' || ''qămcaŋeś''
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| ''damcoŋ'' || ''-ydmocėŋ'' || ''-ydmyncėŋ'' || ''damcůŋ'' || ''tamcuŋeš''
| ''damcoŋ'' || ''-ydmocėŋ'' || ''-ydmyncėŋ'' || ''damcůŋ'' || ''tamcuŋeś''
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
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|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| ''qycmacoŋ'' || ''-ycmacėŋ'' || ''-ycmyncoŋ'' || ''qycmacůŋ'' || ''qucmacŋeš''
| ''qycmacoŋ'' || ''-ycmacėŋ'' || ''-ycmyncoŋ'' || ''qycmacůŋ'' || ''qucmacŋeś''
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
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|-
|-
! Subject affixes: ''mur'' 'walk (to somewhere)'
! Subject affixes: ''mur'' 'walk (to somewhere)'
| ''mur'''xil''''' 'I walk' || ''mur'''xid'''''  || ''mur'' || ''mur'''šů''''' || ''mur'''šiem''''' || ''mur'''ni''''' || ''mur'''o'''''
| ''mur'''xil''''' 'I walk' || ''mur'''xid'''''  || ''mur'' || ''mur'''śů''''' || ''mur'''śiem''''' || ''mur'''ni''''' || ''mur'''o'''''
|-
|-
! Object affixes: ''tėŋal'' 'to know' ''
! Object affixes: ''tėŋal'' 'to know' ''
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Netagins has adverbs to indicate more specific meanings, where English uses prepositions:
Netagins has adverbs to indicate more specific meanings, where English uses prepositions:
*''har'' = generic locative.
*''har'' = generic locative.
**''Qalam-ši har my-tar·al?'' (be_at.3SG.M=Q LOC OBL-house-1SG) = 'Is it in my house?'
**''Qalam-śi har my-tar·al?'' (be_at.3SG.M=Q LOC OBL-house-1SG) = 'Is it in my house?'
*inside
*inside
*outside
*outside
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*''bůrdymiek'' = because (etym. not=EMPH 2SG.know)
*''bůrdymiek'' = because (etym. not=EMPH 2SG.know)
*''lynoj'' = although
*''lynoj'' = although
*''lynojačir'' = although
*''lynojaćir'' = although
*''vyzeaŋ'' = but
*''vyzeaŋ'' = but
*''daja'' = but
*''daja'' = but
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These conjunctions are unstressed clitics that come in second position. They attach to the emphatic form of the pronoun if the subject is a pronoun.
These conjunctions are unstressed clitics that come in second position. They attach to the emphatic form of the pronoun if the subject is a pronoun.
*''=me'' = waw-consecutive (used for each event in a narrative sequence of events; often implies past tense)
*''=me'' = waw-consecutive (used for each event in a narrative sequence of events; often implies past tense)
*''=ča'' = or
*''=ća'' = or
*''=qar'' = (''poetic'') for
*''=qar'' = (''poetic'') for
*''=hie'' = interrogative or "if"
*''=hie'' = interrogative or "if"
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===Negation===
===Negation===
In prose, a clause is negated by adding ''ba'' before the verb and using the particle ''duš''. It combines with ''ve''-series determiners to form ''de''-series determiners; ''de'' is used before the absolutive constituent.  
In prose, a clause is negated by adding ''ba'' before the verb and using the particle ''duś''. It combines with ''ve''-series determiners to form ''de''-series determiners; ''de'' is used before the absolutive constituent.  


*'''''Ba''' qyŋxar '''duš'''.'' = He is not growing.
*'''''Ba''' qyŋxar '''duś'''.'' = He is not growing.
*'''''Ba''' qytarrea '''de''' pyžal.'' = The dog does not bark.
*'''''Ba''' qytarrea '''de''' pyźal.'' = The dog does not bark.
*'''''Ba''' qylmea va macni '''da''' myzuj.'' (NEG 3SG.N-eat-3SG.N VE.N child NEG.ABS-VE.N fruits) = The child does not eat fruit.
*'''''Ba''' qylmea va macni '''da''' myzuj.'' (NEG 3SG.N-eat-3SG.N VE.N child NEG.ABS-VE.N fruits) = The child does not eat fruit.


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===Questions===
===Questions===
Yes-no questions are formed by changing the determiner ''ne'' of the noun being asked about to ''ve''. The particle ''qu'' may optionally be added to the beginning.
Yes-no questions are formed by changing the determiner ''ne'' of the noun being asked about to ''ve''. The particle ''qu'' may optionally be added to the beginning.
:''Lečar ne qama.'' = Mother is at home.
:''Lećar ne qama.'' = Mother is at home.
:''(Qu) lečar ve qama?'' = Is Mother at home?  
:''(Qu) lećar ve qama?'' = Is Mother at home?  


Answering yes-no questions in the positive may use the word ''qaj'' 'indeed' or repeat the focused constituent.
Answering yes-no questions in the positive may use the word ''qaj'' 'indeed' or repeat the focused constituent.
:''- (Qu) lečar vea qama? - Qaj/Lečar.'' = - Is Mother at home? - Yes.
:''- (Qu) lećar vea qama? - Qaj/Lećar.'' = - Is Mother at home? - Yes.


Wh-questions are formed by putting the appropriate interrogative word at the beginning, and using the same determiner change.
Wh-questions are formed by putting the appropriate interrogative word at the beginning, and using the same determiner change.
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  Jos ve qama? = Where is Mother?
  Jos ve qama? = Where is Mother?


  Jal ve miešda? = What (lit. Who) is your name?
  Jal ve mieśda? = What (lit. Who) is your name?


===Translating "to be"===
===Translating "to be"===
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*"is-the" (equality): ''rieh ne X ne Y'' "X is Y" (implies that both X and Y are definite)
*"is-the" (equality): ''rieh ne X ne Y'' "X is Y" (implies that both X and Y are definite)
*"there exists": ''qům ne X'' = "There exists X"  
*"there exists": ''qům ne X'' = "There exists X"  
*"is + adjunct": ''[had lėčar] ne X'' = "X is [at home]"
*"is + adjunct": ''[had lėćar] ne X'' = "X is [at home]"
*"is + ADJ": ''[badej] X'' = "X [is big]"
*"is + ADJ": ''[badej] X'' = "X [is big]"


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The b-possessive ("X belongs to Y" etc.): The noun ''gáqem'' can be used in a possessive construction:
The b-possessive ("X belongs to Y" etc.): The noun ''gáqem'' can be used in a possessive construction:


  Ŋáqmal na žiri. = The sword is mine (lit. is my possession).
  Ŋáqmal na źiri. = The sword is mine (lit. is my possession).


Alternatively, the possessive construction "X is Y's X[head noun in X]" can be used:
Alternatively, the possessive construction "X is Y's X[head noun in X]" can be used:


  Žirjal na žiri. = The sword is mine. (lit. The sword is my sword)
  Žirjal na źiri. = The sword is mine. (lit. The sword is my sword)


===Relative clauses===
===Relative clauses===
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subject:
subject:
:''nea vůlqe '''bea''' lyxžam'''is''''' - the woman who loves me
:''nea vůlqe '''bea''' lyxźam'''is''''' - the woman who loves me
direct object:
direct object:
:''nea páles '''bea/myri''' '''s'''admurxil'' - the cake that I made
:''nea páles '''bea/myri''' '''s'''admurxil'' - the cake that I made
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*For comparison of adverbs, again the auxiliary verb corresponding to the adverb is used with either the transgressive or the verbal noun of the lexical verb. The auxiliary can take applicatives and direct objects: ''the only student I can jump higher than'' = "the only student REL him-APPL-do_better-1SG jump.TRGR" (pseudogloss)
*For comparison of adverbs, again the auxiliary verb corresponding to the adverb is used with either the transgressive or the verbal noun of the lexical verb. The auxiliary can take applicatives and direct objects: ''the only student I can jump higher than'' = "the only student REL him-APPL-do_better-1SG jump.TRGR" (pseudogloss)


The ''pyšme vean'' "such that" + resumptive pronoun construction is always available in post-classical literary Netagin (the applicative has been lost in Modern Netagin vernaculars, which instead use either the gap strategy or resumptive pronouns for less "relativizable" positions in the relativization hierarchy). Internally headed relative clauses are restricted to poetry.
The ''pyśme vean'' "such that" + resumptive pronoun construction is always available in post-classical literary Netagin (the applicative has been lost in Modern Netagin vernaculars, which instead use either the gap strategy or resumptive pronouns for less "relativizable" positions in the relativization hierarchy). Internally headed relative clauses are restricted to poetry.


===Complement clauses===
===Complement clauses===
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|-
|-
| to go by foot, to walk
| to go by foot, to walk
| ''mur'' (Binyan 1) || ''voččal'' (Binyan 6)
| ''mur'' (Binyan 1) || ''voććal'' (Binyan 6)
|-
|-
| to go with a land vehicle<small>
| to go with a land vehicle<small>
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|-
|-
| to go out; to rise (of heavenly bodies and other inanimate beings)
| to go out; to rise (of heavenly bodies and other inanimate beings)
| ''paduš'' (Binyan 1) || ''poddaš'' (Binyan 6)  
| ''paduś'' (Binyan 1) || ''poddaś'' (Binyan 6)  
|-
|-
| to set (of heavenly bodies)<br/>to fall (of precipitation)
| to set (of heavenly bodies)<br/>to fall (of precipitation)
| ''šabud'' (Binyan 1) || ''šobbad'' (Binyan 6)  
| ''śabud'' (Binyan 1) || ''śobbad'' (Binyan 6)  
|-
|-
| to run  
| to run  
| ''qaŋiž'' (Binyan 3) || ''ŋovvaž'' (Binyan 6)
| ''qaŋiź'' (Binyan 3) || ''ŋovvaź'' (Binyan 6)
|-
|-
| to swim  
| to swim  
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|-
|-
| to climb
| to climb
| ''ďexuč'' (Binyan 1) || ''qyďxič'' (Binyan 7)
| ''ďexuć'' (Binyan 1) || ''qyďxić'' (Binyan 7)
|-
|-
| to jump
| to jump
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|-
|-
| to carry, bring out
| to carry, bring out
| ''qippadaš'' (Binyan 6) || ''qypadiš'' (Binyan 5)  
| ''qippadaś'' (Binyan 6) || ''qypadiś'' (Binyan 5)  
|-
|-
| to pull, drag <small>(trans.)</small>  
| to pull, drag <small>(trans.)</small>  
| ''kačun'' (Binyan 2) || ''qykačin'' (Binyan 4)
| ''kaćun'' (Binyan 2) || ''qykaćin'' (Binyan 4)
|-
|-
| to drive (an animal or a vehicle), lead
| to drive (an animal or a vehicle), lead
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*Determiners omitted
*Determiners omitted
*"Topic VO" and "VO topic" possible as word orders
*"Topic VO" and "VO topic" possible as word orders
*Negative ''ba'' used without ''duš''
*Negative ''ba'' used without ''duś''
=== Features ===
=== Features ===
=== Syntax ===
=== Syntax ===
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<poem>
<poem>
Hazaj meter:
Hazaj meter:
''Tyhům šatlej ry-čannevear,''
''Tyhům śatlej ry-ćannevear,''
''Kadob pehlať qa-vahmavear,''
''Kadob pehlať qa-vahmavear,''
''Qale'ad tu pa-nojjannem,''
''Qale'ad tu pa-nojjannem,''
''Hypiere žůj vyto šotnem.''
''Hypiere źůj vyto śotnem.''


Shakhar Avakeshkha:
Shakhar Avakeshkha:
''Takum pyčie takum | paruj pălen qakhoj,''
''Takum pyćie takum | paruj pălen qakhoj,''
''Qeki šikov leťin | qabsan typien lahoj.''
''Qeki śikov leťin | qabsan typien lahoj.''


Yigdal meter:
Yigdal meter:
''Peslam myŋeptak ďah mynej ve'ůx,''
''Peslam myŋeptak ďah mynej ve'ůx,''
''Mireať čypa korin pa-ruze'ůx.''
''Mireať ćypa korin pa-ruze'ůx.''
''Dolper qyniv neliem tyja tožie,''
''Dolper qyniv neliem tyja toźie,''
''Bon niem sy-daškavin lyma pežie.''
''Bon niem sy-daśkavin lyma peźie.''
</poem>
</poem>
== Trivia ==
== Trivia ==
A common language game in Netagin, called ''ne bric Pălohin'' 'the marine demon/ogre/troll language', consists of reversing the consonants of the consonantal root of every content word:
A common language game in Netagin, called ''ne bric Pălohin'' 'the marine demon/ogre/troll language', consists of reversing the consonants of the consonantal root of every content word:


''Rekăšo ne qalban šur my-talkieč lahůn.'' -> ''Šekăro ne qanbal ruš my-tačkiel nahůl.''
''Rekăśo ne qalban śur my-talkieć lahůn.'' -> ''Šekăro ne qanbal ruś my-taćkiel nahůl.''


Consonant reversal is less trivial when weak consonants are present:  ''talea'' 'a musical term' becomes  jlt/1a2i3 = ''jelit''. Certain patterns are only used for certain weaknesses (like Hebrew: qry -> taqrit, yry -> torah, yrš -> torešet), so it's always a challenge!
Consonant reversal is less trivial when weak consonants are present:  ''talea'' 'a musical term' becomes  jlt/1a2i3 = ''jelit''. Certain patterns are only used for certain weaknesses (like Hebrew: qry -> taqrit, yry -> torah, yrś -> toreśet), so it's always a challenge!


== Sample texts ==
== Sample texts ==
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Modern Std. Netagin
Modern Std. Netagin


''Rekăšo ne qalban šur my-talkieč lahůn. Qysvăxo ne Saxieř Băravied: Hadir vyni?''
''Rekăśo ne qalban śur my-talkieć lahůn. Qysvăxo ne Saxieř Băravied: Hadir vyni?''
<!--
<!--
(''Málasj cóvlach wa fadí thowl lyur, lowkh safaení łur laath: "Syul drúl ał syul! Alvón tóvle, sobathímm fortán, drúl syulac, sobathímm ámmenac, laath bathímmac."'')
(''Málasj cóvlach wa fadí thowl lyur, lowkh safaení łur laath: "Syul drúl ał syul! Alvón tóvle, sobathímm fortán, drúl syulac, sobathímm ámmenac, laath bathímmac."'')
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== Phrasebook ==
== Phrasebook ==
* ''Dyktie viel'' = I love you.
* ''Dyktie viel'' = I love you.
* ''Dyršid viel'' = I admire you.
* ''Dyrśid viel'' = I admire you.
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Netagin"