Hantza/Verbs: Difference between revisions
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== | ==Verb template== | ||
Hantza verbs obey a position class template; their affixes are added to the stem in a specific order. The table below illustrates this template. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;" | |||
! colspan="3" |Person prefixes | |||
! colspan="3" |Other prefixes | |||
! colspan="1" |Stem | |||
! colspan="2" |Suffixes | |||
|- | |||
| <small>object</small> | |||
| <small>direct object</small> | |||
| <small>indirect object</small> | |||
| <small>category I</small> | |||
| <small>category II</small> | |||
| <small>category III</small> | |||
| <small>copula</small> | |||
| <small>stem</small> | |||
| <small>evidentiality</small> | |||
| <small>negative</small> | |||
|} | |||
Despite the large number of slots, it is impossible for all of these slots to be occupied by a single conjugated verb and highly unusual for only one to be left vacant. | |||
==Person marking== | |||
Verbs in Hantza have polypersonal agreement: | Verbs in Hantza have polypersonal agreement: | ||
* First person singular | * First person singular | ||
| Line 14: | Line 37: | ||
==Mode== | ==Mode== | ||
Grammatical tense is not a significant category in Hantza verbs (though there is an overt morphological future/non-future distinction). Verbs are instead aspect and mood heavy. This conflation of tense, aspect and mood is termed "mode" in Hantza; there are thirteen such modes. | Grammatical tense is not a significant category in Hantza verbs (though there is an overt morphological future/non-future distinction). Verbs are instead aspect and mood heavy. This conflation of tense, aspect and mood is termed "mode" in Hantza; there are thirteen such modes. These are divided into three categories. Categories I and II can co-occur with one another but category III prefixes cannot occur with any other mode prefixes. Category I prefixes denote "primary aspect", category II "secondary aspect" and category III "deontic". | ||
Category I - primary aspect: | |||
* Imperfective (unmarked) | * Imperfective (unmarked) | ||
* Iterative | * Iterative | ||
| Line 21: | Line 45: | ||
* Retrospective | * Retrospective | ||
* Future | * Future | ||
Category II - secondary aspect: | |||
* Inchoative | * Inchoative | ||
* Cessative | * Cessative | ||
* Irrealis | * Irrealis | ||
Category III - deontic: | |||
* Optative | * Optative | ||
* Cohortative | * Cohortative | ||
Revision as of 15:16, 25 August 2014
Verb template
Hantza verbs obey a position class template; their affixes are added to the stem in a specific order. The table below illustrates this template.
| Person prefixes | Other prefixes | Stem | Suffixes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| object | direct object | indirect object | category I | category II | category III | copula | stem | evidentiality | negative |
Despite the large number of slots, it is impossible for all of these slots to be occupied by a single conjugated verb and highly unusual for only one to be left vacant.
Person marking
Verbs in Hantza have polypersonal agreement:
- First person singular
- First person plural
- Second person singular
- Second person plural
- Third person animate singular
- Third person animate plural
- Third person inanimate
- Obviative
- Indefinite
- Reflexive
- Reciprocal
Mode
Grammatical tense is not a significant category in Hantza verbs (though there is an overt morphological future/non-future distinction). Verbs are instead aspect and mood heavy. This conflation of tense, aspect and mood is termed "mode" in Hantza; there are thirteen such modes. These are divided into three categories. Categories I and II can co-occur with one another but category III prefixes cannot occur with any other mode prefixes. Category I prefixes denote "primary aspect", category II "secondary aspect" and category III "deontic". Category I - primary aspect:
- Imperfective (unmarked)
- Iterative
- Delimitative
- Perfective
- Retrospective
- Future
Category II - secondary aspect:
- Inchoative
- Cessative
- Irrealis
Category III - deontic:
- Optative
- Cohortative
- Imperative
- Jussive
Copula
In Hantza there is no verb that corresponds directly to the English "to be".
A common way of expressing the verb "to be" in Hantza is by using a particle.
When talking being in the sense of location the irregular verb ABCDEFG is used. This may be translated variously as "to be", "to stay", "to remain", "to become" or "to get".
A noun can also be turned into a verb that means "to be X" by adding a copular prefix to the root noun. The relevant prefixes marking person and mode are then added. This strategy is only used when the subject of the noun is not being modified by anything adjective-like. In such case the normal copular construction is used.
Possession
Nor is there a verb "to have".
Statives
Stative verbs include predicative adjectives.
Transitivity and valency
Hantza is extremely strict in regard to a given verb's transitivity and valency and its required prefixes.
Mediopassive
There is a mediopassive voice which is formed by an infix inserted in the verb stem.
Polarity
How are negatives formed?
Evidentiality
Evidentiality is marked on the verb by a suffix.
| The Hantza Language (V • T • E) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Orthography | Hantza alphabet (Latin script) | ||
| Phonology | IPA for Hantza • Phonology • Prosody | ||
| Grammar | Nouns • Numerals • Verbs • Particles • Syntax • Derivational morphology | ||
| Vocabulary | Basic phrases • Kinship • Swadesh list | ||
| Texts | Test Case Sentences • The North Wind and the Sun • The Lord's Prayer • The Tower of Babel | ||
| Other | Dialects • Ethnology • Demography | ||