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Minhast: Difference between revisions
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→Discourse Particles
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| Interruptive | | Interruptive | ||
| Similar to the interruptive function of ''šenek'', this particle is used to forcefully break a long-winded monologue by the other speech participant, with the connotation of “If you'd shut up a minute and let me speak...!”<br/> | | Similar to the interruptive function of ''šenek'', this particle is used to forcefully break a long-winded monologue by the other speech participant, with the connotation of “If you'd shut up a minute and let me speak...!”<br/> | ||
In the Horse Speaker dialect, this is actually a polite interruptive. | In the Horse Speaker dialect, this is actually a polite interruptive, and depending on context is synonymous with ''ana'' (see below). | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ayyak | ! ayyak | ||
| Formal Vocative | | Formal Vocative | ||
| When spoken, said to greet and elicit a response; also often found in the greeting of formal letters | | When spoken, said to greet and elicit a response; also often found in the greeting of formal letters. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! wannā'(a) | ! wannā'(a) | ||
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! sarakmampš | ! sarakmampš | ||
| Evaluative-Disapproval-Conclusive | | Evaluative-Disapproval-Conclusive | ||
| Particle which summarizes the entire points of the narrative, both speaker and hearer, upon which s/he bases the final conclusion of disapproval. Often translated as "Look at all that's been said. It's ridiculous, this situation/your argument..." etc., or more colloquially, "This is just a bunch of crap." Derived from the noun ''sarakm'' (garbage) | | Particle which summarizes the entire points of the narrative, both speaker and hearer, upon which s/he bases the final conclusion of disapproval. Often translated as "Look at all that's been said. It's ridiculous, this situation/your argument..." etc., or more colloquially, "This is just a bunch of crap." Derived from the noun ''sarakm'' (garbage). | ||
Note that the last syllable ends in the otherwise inadmissible consonant cluster -CCC- | Note that the last syllable ends in the otherwise inadmissible consonant cluster -CCC-, a hallmark of the City Speaker dialect. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! se(ħ) | ! se(ħ) | ||
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! daffāk wanyūš | ! daffāk wanyūš | ||
| Dismissive | | Dismissive | ||
| A vulgar form of ''niyūšue'', predominant in the City Speaker dialect | | A vulgar form of ''niyūšue'', predominant in the City Speaker dialect. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! hamman | ! hamman | ||
| Dissent/Interruptive-Disapproval | | Dissent/Interruptive-Disapproval | ||
| Another Interruptive particle, used to convey strong dissent | | Another Interruptive particle, used to convey strong dissent. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! hayye | ! hayye | ||
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! ni, nī | ! ni, nī | ||
| Interrogative-Polarity | | Interrogative-Polarity | ||
| Used for yes-no interrogative sentences, this particle is not bound in ''wa='' Connective structures, and can appear anywhere in a clause; the appearance of the ''ni'' particle is governed by scopal considerations, governing all elements, including clauses, to its left. This is a rare particle, appearing in Classical Minhast, | | Used for yes-no interrogative sentences, this particle is not bound in ''wa='' Connective structures, and can appear anywhere in a clause; the appearance of the ''ni'' particle is governed by scopal considerations, governing all elements, including clauses, to its left. This is a rare particle, appearing in: | ||
* Classical Minhast, where it is required in yes-no questions; | |||
* Occasionally in the Salmon Speaker dialects as the verb clitic ''=šni'' (a fusion of the Irrealis ''=š'' + ''ni'') to indicate incredulity; | |||
* Pervasively in the Horse Speaker dialect, particularly when the speaker wishes to convey or emphasize assertiveness, or is simply older than the speech recipient. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! ana | ! ana | ||
| Interruptive-Deferred | | Interruptive-Deferred | ||
| | | Restricted to the Horse Speaker dialect and adopted by the City Speaker dialect, usually translated as, "wait a minute", "not now". | ||
|} | |} | ||