Modern Phrygian: Difference between revisions

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Diphthongs are formed by following a vowel with ⟨ϊ⟩ or ⟨ου⟩ (for /i/ and /u/ respectively).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel letters in diphthongs
|-
! colspan="2" |Letter
![[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! Remarks
|-
! colspan="5" | In rising diphthongs
|-
| '''i'''
| {{angbr|i}} before a vowel
| style="text-align:center;"|[j]
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|'''u'''
| {{angbr|u}} before a vowel (but silent in {{angbr|qu}} and {{angbr|gu}} before an {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}})
| style="text-align:center;"|[w]
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|'''ü'''
| {{angbr|ü}} before a vowel (only used in {{angbr|qü}} and {{angbr|gü}} before an {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}})
| style="text-align:center;"|[w]
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! colspan="5" | In falling diphthongs
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| '''i'''
| {{angbr|i}} after a vowel
| style="text-align:center;"|[j]
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| '''y'''
| {{angbr|y}} after a vowel
| style="text-align:center;"|[j]
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| Almost always word-final. ''-iy'' is pronounced [i].
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|'''u'''
| {{angbr|u}} after a vowel
| style="text-align:center;"|[w]
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|'''w'''
| {{angbr|w}} after a vowel
| style="text-align:center;"|[w]
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| Almost always word-final. ''-uw'' is pronounced [w].
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'''Note:'''
 
''iu'' and ''ui'' are ambiguous, since they may either be used for rising diphthongs (/ju/ and /wi/ respectively) or falling diphthongs (/iw/ and /uj/ respectively). In most cases, they represent rising diphthongs unless followed by ''t''. ''iw'' and ''uy'' always represent falling diphthongs.


=====Stress=====
=====Stress=====
Stress in a word can be determined from the way it is written via the following rules:
Primary stress is always indicated in multisyllabic words via an acute accent.
*If there is any vowel with an acute accent, that vowel is stressed.
*If there is no vowel with an acute accent:
**The penultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in a vowel, vowel + ''-n'', or vowel + ''-s''.
**The ultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in any consonant other than ''-n'' or ''-s''.
*Note that:
**Diphthongs are always treated as one syllable.
**''iV'' and ''uV'' (where ''V'' represents any vowel other than ''i'' or ''u'') are treated as diphthongs, and therefore count as one syllable.
***The exception to this is if the ''i'' or ''u'' has an accent. However, this is rare since words that would have ''íV'' and ''úV'' are usually written as ''iyV'' and ''uwV''.
**Final ''-y'' and ''-w'' are treated as consonants, and they shift the stress to the final syllable.
-->


===Consonants===
===Consonants===

Revision as of 09:51, 18 April 2022

Modern Phrygian (Native: βρουζ̌ικιά /vɾuʒiˈɟa/) is modern variety of the Phrygian language.

Modern Phrygian
τα βρουζ̌ικιά ξ̌ώσσα
Pronunciation[ta vɾuʒiˈɟ̊a ˈkʃosa]
Created byShariifka

Introduction

Etymology

Phonology

Orthography

Greek orthography

Alphabet
Letter Name IPA
Α α άλφα [ˈalfa]
Β β βέτα [ˈved̥a]
Γ γ γάμμα [ˈɣama]
Δ δ δέλτα [ˈðelda]
Ε ε ε [e]
Ζ ζ ζέτα [ˈzed̥a]
Ζ̌ ζ̌ ζ̌έτα [ˈʒed̥a]
Η η έτα [ˈed̥a]
Θ θ θέτα [ˈθed̥a]
Ι ι γιώτα [ˈʝod̥a]
Letter Name IPA
Κ κ κάππα [ˈkapa]
Λ λ λάμπδα [ˈlambða]
Μ μ μου [mu]
Ν ν νου [nu]
Ξ ξ ξι [ksi]
Ξ̌ ξ̌ ξ̌ι [kʃi]
Ο ο ο [o]
Π π πι [pi]
Ρ ρ ρο [ro]
Σ σ ς σίμα [ˈsima]
Letter Name IPA
Σ̌ σ̌ ς̌ σ̌ίμα [ˈʃima]
Τ τ ταύ [taf]
Υ υ ου [u]
Φ φ φι [fi]
Χ χ χι [çi]
Ψ ψ ψι [psi]
Ψ̌ ψ̌ ψ̌ι [pʃi]
Ω ω ωμέκα [oˈmeɡ̊a]
Consonants
Consonants
Letter Context IPA Examples Remarks
β everywhere [v]
γ before front vowels ([e] or [i]). [ʝ]
before velar consonants ([ɡ] or [x]) [ŋ] This occurs when the following consonant is ⟨ξ⟩, ⟨ξ̌⟩, or non-palatalized ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩.
before palatal consonants ([ɟ] or [ç]) [ɲ] This occurs when the following consonant is palatalized ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩.
everywhere else [ɣ]
γγ before front vowel [ɲ]
elsewhere [ŋ]
γι before vowels [ʝ]
γγι before vowels [ɲ]
δ everywhere [ð]
ει after a consonant and before a vowel [ʝ]
ζ everywhere [z]
ζ̌ everywhere [ʒ]
η after a consonant and before a vowel [ʝ]
θ everywhere [θ]
ι as a semivowel [ʝ] This occurs when ⟨ι⟩ is preceded by a consonant other than ⟨γ⟩, ⟨κ⟩, ⟨χ⟩, ⟨λ⟩, or ⟨ν⟩ and followed by a vowel.
κ after vowel or liquid and before front vowel ([e] or [i]). [ɟ̊]
after vowel or liquid otherwise [ɡ̊]
after nasal before front vowel [ɟ]
after nasal otherwise [ɡ]
before voiced obstruent [ɡ]
everywhere else before front vowel [c]
otherwise [k]
κκ before front vowel [c]
otherwise [k]
κι after vowel or liquid and before a vowel [ɟ̊]
after nasal before a vowel [ɟ]
otherwise before a vowel [c]
κκι before a vowel [c]
λ(λ) everywhere [l]
λ(λ)ι before a vowel [ʎ]
μ(μ) everywhere [m]
ν non-final [n]
final [-̃, ɰ̃] Nasalizes the preceding vowel.
νν everywhere [n]
ν(ν)ι before a vowel [ɲ]
ξ everywhere [ks]
ξ̌ everywhere [kʃ]
οι after a consonant and before a vowel [ʝ]
ου after a consonant or word-initial and before a vowel [w]
π after vowel or liquid [b̥]
after nasal [b]
before voiced obstruent [b]
otherwise [p]
ππ everywhere [p]
ρ(ρ) [r ~ ɾ] In free variation.
σ(σ) [s]
τ after vowel or liquid [d̥]
after nasal [d]
before voiced obstruent [d]
otherwise [t]
ττ everywhere [t]
τσ everywhere [ts]
τσ̌ everywhere [tʃ]
τζ everywhere [dz]
τζ̌ everywhere [dʒ]
υ after a consonant and before a vowel [ʝ]
after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ and before a nasal consonant [m]
after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ and word-final or before a voiceless consonant [f]
after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ otherwise [v]
φ everywhere [t]
χ before front vowel [ç]
otherwise [x]
χι before vowel [ç]
ψ everywhere [ps]
ψ̌ everywhere [pʃ]
Vowels
Monophthong Vowels
Letter IPA Examples Remarks
α [a] Actually closer to [ä].
ε [e] Actually closer to [e̞].
αι
ι [i]
η
υ
ει
οι
υι
ο [o] Actually closer to [o̞].
ω
ου [u]

Diphthongs are formed by following a vowel with ⟨ϊ⟩ or ⟨ου⟩ (for /i/ and /u/ respectively).

Stress

Primary stress is always indicated in multisyllabic words via an acute accent.

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Notes