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Lántun: Difference between revisions
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Evidentiality indicates the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, what kind of evidence exists for a statement or event. This evidence can be divided into several categories, based on their credibility and relevance to the speaker: | Evidentiality indicates the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, what kind of evidence exists for a statement or event. This evidence can be divided into several categories, based on their credibility and relevance to the speaker: | ||
{| class="wikitable" frame=void style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | {| class="wikitable" frame=void style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | ||
|- | |||
! Category | |||
! Suffix | |||
! Meaning | |||
! Example | |||
! Translation | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Witnessed | ! Witnessed | ||
| ''-∅-'' | | ''-∅-'' | ||
| Information was obtained directly by the speaker. | | Information was obtained directly by the speaker. | ||
| ''halna'' | |||
| “He went” (I witnessed it) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Reportative | ! Reportative | ||
| ''-á-'' | | ''-á-'' | ||
| Information was provided to the speaker by another person. | | Information was provided to the speaker by another person. | ||
| ''hal'''á'''na'' | |||
| “He went, they say” (I heard it) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Inferential | ! Inferential | ||
| ''-(a)ḥa-'' | | ''-(a)ḥa-'' | ||
| Information was infered, being general knowledge, assumption, or past experience. | | Information was infered, being general knowledge, assumption, or past experience. | ||
| ''hal'''ḥa'''na'' | |||
| “He went, obviously” (I assumed it) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dubitative | ! Dubitative | ||
| ''-(ì)d-'' | | ''-(ì)d-'' | ||
| Information is uncertain or dubious. | | Information is uncertain or dubious. | ||
| ''hal'''ìn'''na'' | |||
| “He must have went” (I guessed it, but I’m not sure) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Conjugation types==== | ====Conjugation types==== | ||
The most basic opposition among Lántun verbs is a distinction between '''eventive''' verbs and '''stative''' verbs. The eventive class contains true dymanic or action verbs often involving agentivity on the part of the subject, while the stative class indicated that the subject of the verb was either the patient or experiencer of its verb. The eventive verbs belong to the '''prefix-conjugation''' pattern, while the stative — to the '''suffix-conjugation''' pattern. The same stem can be conjugated in both ways, the resulting conjugated verbs would differ in meaning. The individual morphemes represent a more recent morphology and thus are not incorporated into the stem. Both conjugation patterns have specific order of morphemes and assimilation processes among those morphemes. | The most basic opposition among Lántun verbs is a distinction between '''eventive''' verbs and '''stative''' verbs. The eventive class contains true dymanic or action verbs often involving agentivity on the part of the subject, while the stative class indicated that the subject of the verb was either the patient or experiencer of its verb. The eventive verbs belong to the '''prefix-conjugation''' pattern, while the stative — to the '''suffix-conjugation''' pattern. The same stem can be conjugated in both ways, the resulting conjugated verbs would differ in meaning. The individual morphemes represent a more recent morphology and thus are not incorporated into the stem. Both conjugation patterns have specific order of morphemes and assimilation processes among those morphemes. | ||