Proto-Rathmosian/Later Developments: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "===Common Changes=== * unstressed ''eC'' > ''iC'' and ''eyC'' > ''iyC'' * word-final, short ''a, e'' lost in words of 3 or more syllables: ''negara'' > ''negar'' * loss of wor...") |
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* unstressed ''eC'' > ''iC'' and ''eyC'' > ''iyC'' | * unstressed ''eC'' > ''iC'' and ''eyC'' > ''iyC'' | ||
* word-final, short ''a, e'' lost in words of 3 or more syllables: ''negara'' > ''negar'' | * word-final, short ''a, e'' lost in words of 3 or more syllables: ''negara'' > ''negar'' | ||
* loss of word-final nasals ''-n'', ''-m'' with nasalisation or preceding vowel, creating new ''ą, ę, į, ų'' and ''ąą, ęę, įį, ųų'' | * loss of word-final nasals ''-n'', ''-m'' with nasalisation or preceding vowel, creating new ''ą, ę, į, ų, ɚ'' and ''ąą, ęę, įį, ųų'' | ||
* loss of word-final ''-t'' | * loss of word-final ''-t'' | ||
* raising of ''e'' > ''i'', ''ew > iw'' and ''ey'' > '' | * raising of ''e'' > ''i'', ''ew > iw'' and ''ey'' > ''iy'' before ''i'' or ''y'' in the next syllable | ||
* loss of ''y'' between vowels and contraction of remaining vowels | * loss of ''y'' between vowels and contraction of remaining vowels | ||
* loss of word-final short, non-nasal vowels in words of 3 or more syllables: ''negani'' > ''negan'' | * loss of word-final short, non-nasal vowels in words of 3 or more syllables: ''negani'' > ''negan'' | ||
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===Rathmos Changes=== | ===Rathmos Changes=== | ||
* ''ə(ə)'' > ''e(e)'', ''ɚ > a'' | |||
* nasals followed by fricatives are lost, leading to compensatory lengthening and nasalisation of preceding vowel: ''negans'' > ''negąąs'' | * nasals followed by fricatives are lost, leading to compensatory lengthening and nasalisation of preceding vowel: ''negans'' > ''negąąs'' | ||
* ''Cy'' > ''CC'', except ''ry'' | |||
* ''g'' > /ɣ/ in most positions, except ''ng, gg'' | |||
* ''p, t, k'' > ''f, þ, h'' and ''b, d > v, ð'' before ''n, m, l, r'' | |||
* ''a(a)'' and ''ay'' raised to ''ä(ä), äy'' except before ''-n, -m'' or before a back vowel (''a(a), o(o), u(u)'') in the next syllable | * ''a(a)'' and ''ay'' raised to ''ä(ä), äy'' except before ''-n, -m'' or before a back vowel (''a(a), o(o), u(u)'') in the next syllable | ||
** unstressed ''äC'' > ''eC'' | ** unstressed ''äC'' > ''eC'' | ||
* word-final ''-a'' lost | * word-final ''-a'' lost | ||
* nasal vowels merge with non-nasal counterparts | |||
* stressed ''ä, e, i'' > ''äw, ew, iw'' before ''-w, -lC, rC'' | * stressed ''ä, e, i'' > ''äw, ew, iw'' before ''-w, -lC, rC'' | ||
* changes to diphthongs: ''ay > ae, aw > ao, äy > äe, äw > äo, ey > ee, ew > eo, uy | * changes to diphthongs: ''ay > ae, aw > ao, äy > äe, äw > äo, ey > ee, ew > eo, uy | ||
* ''k, g, sk'' palatalised to ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/, ''ȝ'' /ʝ/, ''sh'' /ʃ/ (a) before a front vowel (''ä, e, i, ü'') or ''y'', or (b) after ''e, i'' except when followed by a back vowel: ''negara > neger > neȝer'' but ''neganta > negan'' | * ''k, g, sk'' palatalised to ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/, ''ȝ'' /ʝ/, ''sh'' /ʃ/ (a) before a front vowel (''ä, e, i, ü'') or ''y'', or (b) after ''e, i'' except when followed by a back vowel: ''negara > neger > neȝer'' but ''neganta > negan'' | ||
* i-mutation: ''a(a) > ä(ä), e(e) > i(i), o(o) > ö(ö), u(u) > ü(ü)'' before ''i, y'' in next syllable | * i-mutation: ''a(a) > ä(ä), e(e) > i(i), o(o) > ö(ö), u(u) > ü(ü)'' before ''i, y'' in next syllable | ||
* word-final ''-i, -u'' lost, except after light monosyllable | |||
* unstressed vowel reduction: | |||
** medial syllable: ''a, ä, e'' lost, ''i, u'' lost after heavy syllable, > ''e'' after light syllable, ''oo'' > ''o'', other long vowels > short | |||
** final syllable: ''ä, i'' > ''e'', ''uC'' > ''oC'', ''oo > u'', other long vowels > short | |||
===Carrick Changes=== | |||
* ''ə(ə), ɚ > a'' | |||
* nasal vowels merge with non-nasal counterparts | |||
* i-mutation: ''a(a) > ä(ä), o(o) > ö(ö), u(u) > ü(ü)'' before ''i, y'' in next syllable | |||
* stressed ''e(e)'' > ''ja(a)'', except after ''l, w'' | |||
* u-mutation: ''a(a) > o(o), ja(a) > jo(o), ä(ä) > œ(œ), e(e) > ö(ö), i(i) > ü(ü) | |||
* ''y'' lost before front vowels and ''w'' before back vowels, except ''a'' | |||
* devoicing of word-final consonants | |||
* ''mp, nk, nt > pp, kk, tt'' | |||
Revision as of 10:16, 22 December 2022
Common Changes
- unstressed eC > iC and eyC > iyC
- word-final, short a, e lost in words of 3 or more syllables: negara > negar
- loss of word-final nasals -n, -m with nasalisation or preceding vowel, creating new ą, ę, į, ų, ɚ and ąą, ęę, įį, ųų
- loss of word-final -t
- raising of e > i, ew > iw and ey > iy before i or y in the next syllable
- loss of y between vowels and contraction of remaining vowels
- loss of word-final short, non-nasal vowels in words of 3 or more syllables: negani > negan
- raising of a(a) > ä(ä), u(u) > ü(ü) before i, y in the following syllable
- lowering of u(u) > new vowel o(o) before a(a), ä(ä), ą(ą) in the next syllable: kukad "he eats" > kokad.
- unstressed diphthongs become long vowels: aw > oo, ay > ee, ew > oo, ey > ee
- final-syllable long vowels shortened
Rathmos Changes
- ə(ə) > e(e), ɚ > a
- nasals followed by fricatives are lost, leading to compensatory lengthening and nasalisation of preceding vowel: negans > negąąs
- Cy > CC, except ry
- g > /ɣ/ in most positions, except ng, gg
- p, t, k > f, þ, h and b, d > v, ð before n, m, l, r
- a(a) and ay raised to ä(ä), äy except before -n, -m or before a back vowel (a(a), o(o), u(u)) in the next syllable
- unstressed äC > eC
- word-final -a lost
- nasal vowels merge with non-nasal counterparts
- stressed ä, e, i > äw, ew, iw before -w, -lC, rC
- changes to diphthongs: ay > ae, aw > ao, äy > äe, äw > äo, ey > ee, ew > eo, uy
- k, g, sk palatalised to ch /t͡ʃ/, ȝ /ʝ/, sh /ʃ/ (a) before a front vowel (ä, e, i, ü) or y, or (b) after e, i except when followed by a back vowel: negara > neger > neȝer but neganta > negan
- i-mutation: a(a) > ä(ä), e(e) > i(i), o(o) > ö(ö), u(u) > ü(ü) before i, y in next syllable
- word-final -i, -u lost, except after light monosyllable
- unstressed vowel reduction:
- medial syllable: a, ä, e lost, i, u lost after heavy syllable, > e after light syllable, oo > o, other long vowels > short
- final syllable: ä, i > e, uC > oC, oo > u, other long vowels > short
Carrick Changes
- ə(ə), ɚ > a
- nasal vowels merge with non-nasal counterparts
- i-mutation: a(a) > ä(ä), o(o) > ö(ö), u(u) > ü(ü) before i, y in next syllable
- stressed e(e) > ja(a), except after l, w
- u-mutation: a(a) > o(o), ja(a) > jo(o), ä(ä) > œ(œ), e(e) > ö(ö), i(i) > ü(ü)
- y lost before front vowels and w before back vowels, except a
- devoicing of word-final consonants
- mp, nk, nt > pp, kk, tt