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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Verbal morphology=== | ===Verbal morphology=== | ||
A Caer verb is usually composed of a base, an aspect suffix, a voice suffix, and a number prefix. Depending on inflection, the verb requires additional affixes filling up the personal affix slots 1 and 2. | A Caer verb is usually composed of a base, an aspect suffix, a voice suffix, and a number prefix. Depending on particularities of inflection, the verb requires additional affixes filling up the personal affix slots 1 and 2. | ||
(1.) | (1.) | ||
Revision as of 11:45, 13 January 2015
Caer (caer [qæɪ̯ʐ] or caeryn [ˈqæjɪˌʐjəǀ] is the ceremonial sacred language of the Vá people. Its use is nowadays primarily restricted to the rituals of lya ('libation') and yayaq (‘divination’) although historically it saw much more use. It is remarkable for being typologically dissimilar to Vánic language with differing morphosyntactic agreement and word order.
Phonology
Caer has an interesting phonological system, completely lacking rounded and back vowels; dental, bilabial and velar plosives; or any of the common nasals.
Consonants
The incredibly sparse consonantal system includes a few uvular consonants, one alveolar sibilant, a voiced retroflex and two clicks.
c~q nn h r s t y l v n
q ɴ χ ʐ sˡ θ j ʟ ʘ ǀ
Vowels
There are three phonemic vowels in Caer: a /æ/, e /ɪ/, y /ə/. However, there are some who posit six vowels, three long (/æ:/, /ɪ/, /ə:/) and three short.
| Front | Central | |
|---|---|---|
| Near-close | e /ɪ/ | |
| Mid | y /ə/ | |
| Open | a /æ/ |
Pitch
Each word in Caer can optionally take one of two pitch contours: falling (t₁) or rising (t₂). The falling contour (t₁) ends with creaky voice. Although lexically and grammatically important, it is not indicated in the orthography.
A common minimal pair given in literature is: yayaq [ˈjæˌə̯æ̰q˥˩] ‘divination’ and yayaq [ˈjæˌə̯æq˩˥] ‘calamity’.
Phonotactics
Orthography
Digraph ⟨x⟩ for /χsˡ/, ⟨y⟩ does double duty, etc.
Morphology
Verbal morphology
A Caer verb is usually composed of a base, an aspect suffix, a voice suffix, and a number prefix. Depending on particularities of inflection, the verb requires additional affixes filling up the personal affix slots 1 and 2.
(1.)
catannyvexaseaq ca-tanny-ve-xa-se-aq pl-feel-ext-caus-alter-ipse
- ‘I make you grieve’[1]
Number
Number is obligatorily marked on the verb and distinguishes between a singular (sg) and a plural (pl) depending on the amount of 'referents' for the verb. Thus one observes the distinction between actor and undergoer blurring in Caer when it comes to number.
Aspect
There are three aspects: imperfective (ipfv), perfective (pfv), extemporaneous (ext). These are morphologically and obligatorily marked on verbs using a set of affixes which follow the base. They are however completely optional if the verb in question follows a previously marked verb sharing the same aspect.
(2.)
arsila atehavenn, aneatyr arsila, veleran arsila a-teha-ve-nn a-nea-Ø-tyr arsila veler-an man.abs sg-chase-ext-antipass sg-die-ext-refl man.abs life-erg ‘Man hunts. Man dies. Such is life.’[2]
Imperfective
The imperfective is marked with the suffix -ta /θæ˥˩/.
Perfective
The perfective is marked with the suffix -va /ʘæ˥˩/.
Extemporaneous
The extemporaneous, alternatively called the universal, gnomic or indefinite. Most often, it is used to express general truths. It is marked with the suffix -ve /ʘɪ/.
Voice
Caer distinguishes morphologically between four voices (active, causative, reflexive-reciprocative, antipassive) which are indicated on the verb after the aspect-inflected base.
Active
The most basic is the unmarked active which is used for sentences with a transitive verb and an object. It does not require the filling of the secondary personal affix slot (‘agent slot’) when used with an NP in the ergative case.
(3.)
valcaxan cavaertase valcaxa-an ca-vaer-ta-Ø-se Maker-erg pl-strike-ipfv-act-alter ‘You are cursed with ill-fortune’ (lit. maker strikes you)
Personal affixes
Caer verbs can optionally take two verb affixes (ipse vs. alter) slotted in either the object or agent position, though in some older analyses the terms ‘ego’, ‘1~3P’, or ‘self’, ‘non-topic’ are sometimes encountered. These terms are now recommended against by most language experts. They present one of the most confusing aspects of Caer for the novice.
Ipse
The so-called ipse (ipse) marker -aq refers usually to the most salient previously mentioned NP. In transitive sentences this is usually the agent. If there is no specific NP it is automatically assumed to refer to the speaker, i.e. it then corresponds to what other languages would call the first person.
Intransitive sentence without an explicit NP.
(4.)
annataq a-nna-ta-aq sg-eat-ipfv-ipse ‘I was eating.’
Antipassive sentence with explicit undergoer NP. (Optional)
(5.)
arsila annavannaq arsila a-nna-va-nn-aq man.abs sg-eat-pfv-antipass-ipse ‘A man ate.’
In a causative sentence with two NPs. Here, the agent is marked ipse.
(6.)
arsila catannyvexaseaq veleran arsila ca-tanny-ve-xa-se-aq veler-an man.abs pl-feel-ext-caus-alter-ipse life-erg ‘Life causes man grief.’
Alter
Likewise, the equivalent alter (alter) marker -se refers usually to the second least salient NP. If there is no specific NP to pair with, it is either assumed to refer to the listener or an unspecified grouping of people depending on context.
In a transitive sentence with two NPs and only object marking. Here, the object is marked alter.
(7.)
arsila catehatase nnahan arsila ca-teha-ta-se nnaha-an man.abs pl-chase-ipfv-alter woman-erg The woman woos the man.
In a transitive sentence lacking an explicit object NP. Here, the agent is marked alter and the object arg. is assumed to be the speaker, i.e. ipse which has to be marked.
(8.)
catehataxe nnahan ca-teha-ta-aq-se nnaha-an pl-chase-ipfv-ipse-alter woman-erg The woman woos me.
Nominal morphology
Possession
Caer extraordinarily includes a third-person suffix -yn (divposs) which is marked on the possessum. The affix bears connotations of transitivity when the inflected word is combined with a head noun or phrase. Finally, it is only utilised when referring to deities.
Determiners
Personal pronouns
Phrasal clitics
A distinction between proximal (prox) and distal (dist) is optionally added to the end of a phrase to express spatial, temporal or emotional distance from the speaker, sometimes even a form of evidentiality.[3]
(9.)
valcaxa acaxavenna'ya valcaxa a-caxa-ve-nn-aq=ya maker.abs sg-create-ext-antipass-ipse=prox ‘The Maker creates (implied: everything around us.)’
Derivational morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
Caer is OVS. However, agent-verb word order is also common in transitive sentences where the verb is marked for object. [4]
Possessive constructions
Inalienable possession
Divine possession
The possesum follows the possessor and is also marked by the third person suffix -yn (divposs).
lya-yn libation-divposs
- Their/His/Her libation.
valcaxa caer-yn Maker secret-divposs
- The Maker's given secret.