Verse:Lõis/Qivattutannguaq

Names

• ___ Råmånujan, mathematician

Phonology

Qivattutannguaq has a rather small phonology.

Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui

Consonants: p v t d s z k g h m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g χ m n ŋ l (uvular R) j w/

Voiceless stops are unaspirated.

i u are pronounced [e~ɛ o~ɔ] before q: ingníq [ɪ̀ŋnéχ] 'fire'; quunúq [huːnóχ] 'son'; wiqúq [wèχóχ] 'poison'.

Diachronics

o > u

RC > aRC

l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/

nt nd > nt, ndʰ > nn

Pronouns

jaa 'I'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	jaa	angmii
Genitive	mini	angmaqun
Dative	mai	angmavuq
Accusative	mi	angmi
Ablative	minit, miit	angmavuq
Locative	minit, miit	angmavi

tuu 'thou'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	tuu	juu
Genitive	tivi	jungmaqun
Dative	tai	jungmavuq
Accusative	ti	jungmi
Ablative	tivit, tiit	jungmavuq
Locative	tivit, tiit	jungmavi

Reflexive pronoun

	(Number-neutral)
Nominative	-
Genitive	qivi
Dative	qai
Accusative	qi
Ablative	qivit, qiit
Locative	qivit, qiit

Ancient Hivatish had no true 3rd person pronouns. Demonstrstives were used instead.

• siqu, siqaa, situt = this
• qu, qaa, tut = that
• ju, jaa, jut = which (relative pronoun)
• kiq? kia? kit? = who? what?

Nouns

Functions of the cases

Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register.

• The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped.
• Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin.
• The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come before nouns.
• The direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the ablative:
  • Suwaa walkum iwiti. = The dog saw a wolf.
  • Suwaa walkiat nēm iwiti. = The dog did not see a wolf.
• Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as in or at can be used but is not necessary.
• Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like in 'into', at 'at' or ipi 'onto' take the accusative.
• "from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ut. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ut vukaat 'from the city', but taamut 'from the house')
• For 'with' (instrumental) su + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition san + ablative.
• Agents of passive verbs use the ablative.

Thematic

o-stem neuter

Qunngartutannguáq declension

wírdun 'law' (< *werdʰh₁om)

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	wírdun	wírdaa
Genitive	wírdaa	wírduun
Dative	wírdai	wírdavuq
Accusative	wírdun	wírdaa
Ablative	wírdiat	wírdavuq
Locative	wírdiat	wírdavi
Vocative	wírdi!	wírdaa!

Prisinitutannguáq declension

wírdo 'law'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative-Accusative	wírdo	wírdaa(q)
Genitive	wírdaa	wírduu
Dative	wírdai	wírdavi
Ablative-Locative	wírdut	wírdavi
Vocative	wírdi!	wírdaa(q)!

eh2-stems

Qunngartutannguáq declension

vukáa 'city' (< *bʰug-éh₂ 'refuge')

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	vukáa	vukáaq
Genitive	vukáaq	vukúun
Dative	vukái	vukáavuq
Accusative	vukáan	vukáaq
Ablative	vukáat	vukáavuq
Locative	vukáat	vukáavi
Vocative	vukáa!	vukáaq!

Prisinitutannguáq declension

vukáa 'city'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	vukáa	vukáaq
Genitive	vukáaq	vukúu
Dative	vukái	vukáavi
Ablative-Locative	vukáat	vukáavi
Vocative	vukáa!	vukáaq!

u-stems

Masculine and feminine u-stems decline as follows:

quunúq 'son'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	quunúq	quunúwiq
Genitive	quuníuq	quunúun
Dative	quuníwi	quunúvuq
Accusative	quunún	quunúuq
Ablative	quunút	quunúvuq
Locative	quunút	quunúvi
Vocative	quunú!	quunúwiq!

iglú 'tent, camp'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	iglú	iglúa
Genitive	iglíuq	iglúun
Dative	iglíwi	iglúvuq
Accusative	iglú	iglúa
Ablative	iglút	iglúvuq
Locative	iglút	iglúvi
Vocative	iglú!	iglúa!

i-stems

Masculine and feminine i-stems:

ingníq 'fire'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ingníq	ingníiq
Genitive	ingníiq	ingnúun
Dative	ingníi	ingnívuq
Accusative	ingnín	ingníiq
Ablative	ingnít	ingnívuq
Locative	ingnít	ingnívi
Vocative	ingní!	ingníiq!

Also: teeppútiq 'master'.

Neuter i-stems:

anurí 'storm' (< Proto-Inuit ạnųʁǝ̈ 'wind')

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	anurí	anuría
Genitive	anuríiq	anurúun
Dative	anuríi	anurívuq
Accusative	anurí	anuría
Ablative	anurít	anurívuq
Locative	anurít	anurívi
Vocative	anurí!	anuría!

h2-stems and thematized athematics

imaq 'sea'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	imáq	imáaq
Genitive	imiáq	imúun
Dative	imái	imávuq
Accusative	imán	imáaq
Ablative	imát	imávuq
Locative	imát	imávi
Vocative	imá!	imáaq!

Nouns with a vowel before the -aq decline as follows:

tannguáq 'tongue; language (f.)'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	tannguáq	tannguáaq
Genitive	tanngujáq	tannguwúun
Dative	tannguái	tannguávuq
Accusative	tannguán	tannguáaq
Ablative	tannguát	tannguávuq
Locative	tannguát	tannguávi
Vocative	tannguá!	tannguáaq!

n-stems

zamáa 'human'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	zamaa	zamuniq
Genitive	zamuuq	zamunuun
Dative	zamunii	zamunavuq
Accusative	zamunan	zamunaaq
Ablative	zamunit	zamunavuq
Locative	zamunit	zamunavi
Vocative	zamuni!	zamuniq!

-mn-nouns

núman 'name'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	numan	numanaa
Genitive	numaaq	numanuun
Dative	numanii	numanavuq
Accusative	numan	numanaa
Ablative	numanit	numanavuq
Locative	numanit	numanavi
Vocative	numan!	numanaa!

Also: wírman 'time', wíngman 'clothes'

Athematic

Example nouns: qaullaq = sun; apalaq = apple

réezaq 'king'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	reezaq	reeziq
Genitive	reeziaq	reezuun
Dative	reezii	reezavuq
Accusative	reezan	reezaaq
Ablative	reezit	reezavuq
Locative	reezit	reezavi
Vocative	rees!	reeziq!

iqalugaq 'trout' (< Proto-Inuit ǝqaluɣ)

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	iqalugaq	iqalugiq
Genitive	iqalugiaq	iqaluguun
Dative	iqalugii	iqalugavuq
Accusative	iqalugan	iqalugaaq
Ablative	iqalugit	iqalugavuq
Locative	iqalugit	iqalugavi
Vocative	iqaluk!	iqalugiq!

Wútar 'water' is still a heteroclitic in Qunng. (cf. Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, ὕδατος). In Pris. the form wútraa (declined as a feminine -aa noun) is preferred; this survives as õdra in the modern language.

wútar 'water'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	wútar	wútanaa
Genitive	wútaniaq	wútanuun
Dative	wútanii	wútanavuq
Accusative	wútar	wútanaa
Ablative	wútanit	wútanavuq
Locative	wútanit	wútanavi
Vocative	wútar!	wútanaa!

náawuq (f.) 'boat, ship' is irregular:

náawuq 'boat, ship'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	náawuq	náawiq
Genitive	naawíuq	náawuun
Dative	naawí	náawuvuq
Accusative	náawun	náawuuq
Ablative	náawit	náawuvuq
Locative	náawit	náawuvi
Vocative	náawu!	náawiq!

pateer-class

pateer 'father'

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pateer	patiriq
Genitive	patriaq	patiruun
Dative	patrii	patiravuq
Accusative	patran	patiraaq
Ablative	patrit	patiravuq
Locative	patrit	patiravi
Vocative	patir!	patiriq!

Declined similarly: maateer, vraateer, whiqeer, dukateer, Tippateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, (Hivatish sky god)

Adjectives

Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles).

-uq adjectives

qinuq 'old'

• nom: qinuq, qinaa, qinun, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa
• gen: qinaa, qinaaq, qinaaq, pl. qinuun
• dat: qinai, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
• acc: qinun, qinaan, qinun, pl. qinuuq, qinaaq, qinaa
• abl: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavuq, qinaavuq, qinavuq
• loc: qiniat, qinaat, qiniat, pl. qinavi, qinaavi, qinavi
• voc: qini, qinaa, qini, pl. qinaaq, qinaaq, qinaa

-iq adjectives

iqusiniq 'noble'

• nom. iqusiniq, iqusiniq, iqusini; pl. iqusiniiq, iqusiniiq, iqusinia

-aq adjectives

nom. -aq, -aq, -an; pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa

Prepositions

• su = w/ abl.: with (instrumental)
• san = w/ abl.: with (comitative)
• viz = w/ gen.: without
• in
  • w/ acc.: into
  • w/ loc.: inside
• at
  • w/ acc.: towards; at
  • w/ loc.: at, by
• attir
  • w/ loc.: between,
  • w/ acc.: against
• ut = w/ abl.: out of
• ipi
  • w/ acc.: onto
  • w/ loc.: on
• tira
  • w/ acc: (moving) through, beyond
  • w/ loc: beyond

Verbs

Qivattutannguaq verbs have only three tenses: present, past, and optative.

Athematic

tituat 'he gives', pres. ind.

	Singular	Plural
1	tituan	titumaq
2	tituaq	tituti
3	tituat	tituut

e/o-thematic

These verbs often take the past form from PIE root aorists.

Some verbs in this class:

• vilsit, ivalsi = shines
• vinnit, ivanni = binds
• siuqit, isuqi = tries

Present
Person	Active	Passive
1SG	vinnaa	vinnaar
2SG	vinniq	vinnitar
3SG	vinnit	vinnitur
1PL	vinnumaq	vinnumaqti
2PL	vinniti	vinnitau, vinnitaqti
3PL	vinnuut	vinnuttur
Past
Person	Active	Passive
1SG	ivanna	ivannar
2SG	ivanta	ivantar
3SG	ivanni	ivannur
1PL	ivannami	ivannamaqti
2PL	ivannati	ivannatau, ivannataqti
3PL	ivanneer	ivanneerur
Optative
Person	Active	Passive
1SG	vinnain	vinnajaar
2SG	vinnaiq	vinnaitar
3SG	vinnait	vinnaitur
1PL	vinnaimaq	vinnaimaqti
2PL	vinnaiti	vinnaitau, vinnaitaqti
3PL	vinnajuut	vinnajuttur
Imperative
Person	Active	Passive
2SG	vinni!	vinniqi!
3SG	vinnitaa!	vinnitaar!
2PL	vinniti!	vinnitau!
3PL	vinnuttaa!	vinnuttaar!
Participles
Tense	Active	Passive
Present	vinnattaq	vinnumuq
Past	vannawuq	vannuq

-eh2- verbs

teepputijaat = he rules

• present: teepputijaa, tepputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat
• past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaangmi, iteepputijaaqti, iteepputijaaqeer

-éye- verbs

taiséet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints

• present: taisíjaa, taiséeq, taiséet, taiséemaq, taiséeti, taisíjuut
• past: itaiséeqa, itaiséeqta, itaiséeqi, itaiséengmi, itaiséeqti, itaiséeqeer

Copula

• present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, iquut
• past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer

Numerals

• zero: nuillur (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillų (n.)
• I: áinur (m.), áinaa (f.), áinų (n.); ordinal pramúr
• II: tuwái (inanimate), tuwáa (animate); ordinal ántirur
• III: tríir (animate), tría (inanimate); ordinal tirtúr
• IIII: kituárir (animate), kituára (inanimate); ordinal kituartúr
• Λ. pínkir; ordinal píktur
• ΛΙ: wiír; ordinal wíhtur
• ΛΙΙ: híptą; ordinal híptammur
• ΛΙΙΙ: ustáa; ordinal ústaawur
• ΛIIII: níwą; ordinal níwammur
• Χ: tísą; ordinal tísammur
• XI: ainumpirsą
• XII: tuumpirsą
• XIII: triipirsą
• XIIII: kituarpirsą
• XΛ: pikkipirsą
• XΛI: wiipirsą
• XΛII: qiptapirsą
• XΛIII: ustaapirsą
• XΛIIII: niwapirsą
• XX: tuihtisaą
• XXI: ainumpirtuihtisą
• XXII: tuumpirtuihtisą
• ...
• XXX: tirtisą
• XXXX: kituartisą
• D: pinkitisą
• DX: wiitisą
• DXX: qiptantisą
• DXXX: ustantisą
• DXXXX: niwantisą
• O: santų
• Q: pinkisantų
• M: tuxantų
• Ī (10000): zillių
• Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tuxillių

Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular.

Declension

ainuq declines as a singular -uq adjective. pikkiq and wiïq decline like -iq adjectives, and qiptun, astaa, nivun and tisun decline like neuter nouns.

tuwai

• nom./acc./voc. tuwaa (animate), tuwai (inanimate)
• gen. tuwuun, tuun
• dat./abl. tuwaavuq (animate), tuwaivuq (inanimate)
• loc. tuwaavi (animate), tuwaivi (inanimate)

tria

• nom./acc./voc. triiq (animate), tria (inanimate)
• gen. trijuun
• dat./abl. triivuq
• loc. triivi

kituara

• nom./voc. kituariq (animate), kituara (inanimate)
• acc. kituaraaq (animate), kituara (inanimate)
• gen. kituaruun
• dat./abl. kituaravuq
• loc. kituaravi

Derivation

• -isúr = forms adjectives (< -ik'os)
• Verb prefixes: in-, at-, attir-, pi-, su-, san-, ik(s)-, pir-, hupir-, huu-, ...
  • Ex. from wiutit 'he sees': ikwiitit 'he identifies, he susses out', atwiitit 'he sees to it that', piwiitit 'he sees fit'; attirwiitit 'he agrees'; suwiitit 'he witnesses'
• -inur = agent
• -nir (from *-nih2) = feminine agent
  • reezinir = queen, from reezar king
• -allún (from *-tlóm) = instrument

Syntax

todo: change to VSO / TopicVSO

Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO.

PIE: gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.

Qunng: Kīwóh piksóh wótanit naksít.

Pris: Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt (w)ỏtraat.

Modern: Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.

The living fish swims in the water.

Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns.