Gemendic: Difference between revisions

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Adjectives ending in a stressed ''-o'' or ''-e'' do not drop it when other endings are added. For example, ''go'' "good" becomes ''goa'' in the feminine singular.
Adjectives ending in a stressed ''-o'' or ''-e'' do not drop it when other endings are added. For example, ''go'' "good" becomes ''goa'' in the feminine singular.


Adjectives whose masculine singular ends in ''-a'' form their feminine in ''-e'' and plural (both genders) in ''-es''.
Adjectives whose masculine singular ends in ''-a'' form their feminine in ''-o'' and plural in ''-es'' (masculine) and ''-os'' (feminine).


====Comparatives====
====Comparatives====

Revision as of 15:45, 20 May 2023

Gemendic (/dʒəˈmɛndɪk/, native: gemendesc /ʒemenˈdesk/) is an East Germanic language.

Gemendic
rasta gemendesca
Pronunciation[ˈräst̪ä ʒemen̪ˈd̪eskä]
Created byShariifka
Early forms
Old Gemendic
  • Middle Gemendic

Introduction

Gemendic is an East Germanic language with Western Germanic and Romance influence.

Phonology

Orthography

Latin orthography

Alphabet
Letter Name IPA
A a a [ä]
B b be [be]
C c ce [t͡ʃe]
Ç ç çe [se]
D d de [d̪e]
E e e [e]
F f efe [ˈefe]
G g ge [ʒe]
H h haca [ˈxäkä]
I i i [i]
Letter Name IPA
J j jota [ˈʒot̪ä]
K k ka [kä]
L l ele [ˈele]
Ll ll elle [ˈeʎe]
M m eme [ˈeme]
N n ene [ˈene]
Nn nn enne [ˈeɲe]
O o o [o]
P p pe [pe]
Q q cu [ku]
Letter Name IPA
R r erre [ˈere]
S s esse [ˈese]
T t te [t̪e]
U u u [u]
V v ve [ve]
W w doble-ve [ˈd̪oβle ve]
X x exe [ˈeʃe]
Y y i grega [i ˈɡreɣa]
Z z zeta [ˈzet̪ä]
Consonants
Consonants
Letter Context IPA Examples Remarks
b word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ [b] bad "bed"; lambes "lamb"
elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩) [β̞] pebre "pepper"
utterance-final after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ [p] domb "mute"
utterance-final otherwise [ɸ̞] scab "form, condition"
c before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [tʃ] cenno "cheek, jaw"
elsewhere else [k] cara "care, concern"
before voiced consonants [ɣ̞] anécdota "anecdote"
in the cluster ⟨ct⟩ [ɣ̞] or [k] actual "current"
ch everywhere [tʃ] chosen "to choose"
ç everywhere [s] or [θ] (depending on the dialect) naçón "nation"
d word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ [d̪] doitre "daughter"; hando "hand"
elsewhere [ð̞] boda "benefit, use"
utterance-final after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ [t̪] cald "cold"
utterance-final otherwise [θ̞] bad "bed"
f everywhere [f] fada "fence"
g before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [ʒ] gèst "ghost, spirit"
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡ] ganguen "to go"
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣ˕] agre "field"
utterance-final after ⟨n⟩ [k] sang "song"
utterance-final otherwise [x̞] rig "king"
gu before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡw] lenguage "language"
before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣ̞w] Paraguay "Paraguay"
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡ] guitarra "guitar"
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣ̞] ángueda "distress"
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ [ɡw] sengüen "to sing"
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts [ɣ̞w] següey "Segway"
h everywhere [x] or [h] or [ħ] hando "hand"
everywhere (rare) Ø honest "honest" Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation.
j everywhere [ʒ] ja "yes, (positive emphasis)"
utterance-final [ʃ] haj "Hajj"
k rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings [k] kilogram "kilogram" Can generally be replaced with c or qu.
l everywhere [l] lag "lake"
ll everywhere [ʎ] all "all"
l•l everywhere [lː] il•logical "illogical"
m everywhere except word-finally [m] mesa "table"
word-final [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) Adam "Adam"
n everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally [n] nad "net"
before other consonants [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ] ango "narrow, distressing" Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation.
word-finally [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) con "family, tribe"
nn everywhere [ɲ] cenno "cheek, jaw"
n•n everywhere [nː] in•novaçón "innovation"
p everywhere [p] pèda "shirt"
in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩ [β̞] or [ɸ̞] baptista "baptist"
q everywhere [k] Qátar "Qatar" In loanwords.
qu before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [k] quen "woman"
elsewhere [kw] quart "quarter"
only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [kw] qüestón "question"
r word-initial, morpheme-initial,

or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)

[r] rat "rat"
elsewhere [ɾ] xèro "sword"
rr only occurs between vowels [r] carro "cart"
s word-initial, morpheme initial, before a voiceless consonant, or utterance-final [s] sono "son"
everywhere else [z] mesa "table"
ss only occurs between vowels [s] passon "to pass"
sc before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ [ʃ] sceldo "shield"
elsewhere else [sk] scura "tornado, windstorm"
t everywhere [t̪] tu "you"
before voiced consonants [ð̞] atmósfera "atmosphere"
v everywhere [v] vend "wind"
w in loanwords [v] wolfram "tungsten"
x everywhere [ʃ] oxa "ox"
in loanwords [ks] examen "exam" In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change).
y everywhere except when acting as a vowel [j] yac "yak"
z utterance-final or before a voiceless consonant [s] or [θ] (depending on the dialect) alcaduz "bucket"
everywhere else [z] or [ð] (depending on the dialect) dioza "beast"
Vowels
Monophthong Vowels
Letter IPA Examples Remarks
a, á [ä] gat "cat", sultán "sulta"
è [ɛ] gèst "ghost, spirit" Always stressed.
e, é [e] mesa "table"
i, í [i] rig "king", fría "free (f.)"
o, ó [o] ora "hour, time", qüestón "question"
ò [o] òra "ear" Always stressed.
u [u] scura "windstorm", atún "tuna"
Vowel letters in diphthongs
Letter IPA Examples Remarks
In rising diphthongs
i ⟨i⟩ before a vowel [j] dioza "beast"
u ⟨u⟩ before a vowel (but silent in ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) [w] hua "what"
ü ⟨ü⟩ before a vowel (only used in ⟨qü⟩ and ⟨gü⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) [w] qüestón "question"
y ⟨y⟩ after a vowel [j] ley "law" Almost always word-final.
u ⟨u⟩ after a vowel [w] autobús "bus"

Notes:

  1. ⟨iu⟩ and ⟨ui⟩ are ambiguous, since they may either be used for rising diphthongs (/ju/ and /wi/ respectively) or falling diphthongs (/iw/ and /uj/ respectively). In most cases, they represent rising diphthongs unless followed by ⟨t⟩.
Stress

Stress in a word can be determined from the way it is written via the following rules:

  • If there is any vowel with an accent, that vowel is stressed.
  • If there is no vowel with an accent:
    • The penultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in a vowel, vowel + -n, or vowel + -s.
    • The ultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in any consonant other than -n or -s.
  • Note that:
    • Diphthongs are always treated as one syllable.
    • iV and uV (where V represents any vowel other than i or u) are treated as diphthongs, and therefore count as one syllable.
      • The exception to this is if the i or u has an accent.
    • Final -y shifts the stress to the final syllable.

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Articles

Definite Article

Gemendic definite article
Singular Plural
Masculine te, t' (before vowels) tes
Feminine ta, t' (before a) tos

Notes:

  1. The definite article precedes the noun it modifies.

Indefinite Article

Gemendic indefinite article
Singular Plural
Masculine èn ènes
Feminine èna ènos

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Gemendic personal pronouns
Person, Number, Formality, Gender Independent Clitic
Subject Object Reflexive Object Possessive Direct object Reflexive DO Indirect object Reflexive IO Possessive
1st Singular e mi min/mines, mina/minos me, m'1 mes me(n)2/mes, ma(n)2/mos
Plural Masculine vos; vosandres vostre/vostres, vostra/vostros vos
Feminine vos; vosandros
2nd Singular Informal tu ti tin/tines, tina/tinos te, t'1 tes te(n)2/tes, ta(n)2/tos
Formal Masculine voste si sin/sines, sina/sinos ne, n'1 nes se, s'1 ses se(n)2/ses, sa(n)2/sos
Feminine na, n'3
Plural Informal Masculine jes; jesandres jestre/jestres, jestra/jestros jes
Feminine jes; jesandros
Formal Masculine vostes si sin/sines, sina/sinos nes nes se, s'1 ses se(n)2/ses, sa(n)2/sos
Feminine nos
3rd Singular Masculine es ne, n'1
Feminine essa na, n'3
Plural Masculine esses nes
Feminine essos nos
Impersonal man ne, n'1

Notes:

1 Preverbal before vowel.

2 -n is appended to the singular clitic possessives when the following word begins in a vowel.

3 Preverbal before a.

Note that post-verbal clitic pronouns are always separated from the verb with a hyphen. When a verb has multiple clitic object pronouns, they combine in the following order: reflexive OP + indirect OP + direct OP + adverbial OP (see below).

Adverbial object pronouns

Nouns

Number

Singular nouns are pluralized with the ending -s (after a vowel) or -es (after a consonant).

Nouns ending in -a form their plural in -es (if masculine) or -os (if feminine) instead of the expected *-as.

Adjectives

Agreement

Adjectives usually end in a consonant, -e, or -o in the masculine singular. They generally form their feminine in -a, masculine plural in -es, and feminine plural in -os.

Adjectives ending in a stressed -o or -e do not drop it when other endings are added. For example, go "good" becomes goa in the feminine singular.

Adjectives whose masculine singular ends in -a form their feminine in -o and plural in -es (masculine) and -os (feminine).

Comparatives

The comparative of an adjective is formed by placing mès "more" or menns "less" before the adjective for positive and negative comparatives respectively.

Some adjectives have irregular comparatives. These include:

  • go "good" → baiza, yossa "better"
  • oble "bad" → versa "worse"
  • mane "much, many" → mèza, maneza "more"
  • "few, little" → mennza, foza "less, fewer"
  • megle "big, great" → mèza "bigger, greater"
  • ligle "small, little" → mennza "smaller"
  • jong "young" → joza "younger"
  • sene "old" → alza "older"

The superlative is formed by placing the definite article before the corresponding comparative.

Absolute Superlatives

The absolute superlative is formed eith the suffix -est.

Some adjectives have irregular absolute superlatives. These include:

  • go "good" → baist, yost "very good"
  • oble "bad" → verst "very bad"
  • mane "much, many" → mèst, manest "very much, very many"
  • "few, little" → mennst, fost "very few, very little"
  • megle "big, great" → mèst "very big, very great"
  • ligle "small, little" → mennst "very small"
  • jong "young" → jost "very young"
  • sene "old" → alst "very old"

Adverbs

Derivation from adjectives

Adverbs are usually derived from adjectives by adding -o to the stem.

Some adverbs are irregular. These include:

  • go "good" → vèla "well"
  • mane "much, many"; megle "big, great" → felo "much, greatly, very"

Comparative and Superlative

Numerals

Gemendic numerals
Cardinal Ordinal Fractional
0 zero zeroda
1 èn, èna fromest
2 tues, tuos segonda halve
3 tris treza
4 fèdro fedroda quart
5 five fifta
6 seis sèsta
7 sèvon sevonda
8 eito eitoda
9 nèvon nevonda
10 tèvon tevonda
11 èlve elveda
12 tualve tualveda
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 tuastes tuasteda
21 tuastes-èn(a) tuastes-fromest
30 tristes tristeda
40 fedortes fedorteda
50 fiftes fifteda
60 sèstes sesteda
70 sevontes seconteda
80 eitotes eitoteda
90 nevontes nevonteda
100 hond honsta
200 tues-hondes tues-honsta
1000 tusende tusensta
2000 tuos-tusendes tuos-tusensta
10⁶ millón millonda
2×10⁶ tuos-millones tuos-millonda
10⁹ millard millarsta
10¹² billón billonda

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Alles tes vésenes manesques borsen fríes o sambres en verde o reites. Esses están scencedes me frèta o mevest, o esses escolen se gedrán en èn gèst fan brodrenesse.

IPA: /ˈaʎes tes ˈvezenes maˈneskes ˈboɾsen ˈfri.es o ˈsambɾes en ˈveɾðe o ˈreites ‖ ˈeses eˈstan ʃenˈtʃeðes me ˈfɾɛta o meˈvest | o ˈeses eˈskolen se ʒeˈðɾan en ɛn ʒɛst fan broðɾeˈnese/

Other resources