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oñ Fruwi /oŋ fru.wi/ [ɤ̜̃ɴ̚.ɸɹ̥ᵝɯ̹̊ᵝ.ɰi̜] Morphological typology (Inflection) Nouns Agglutinative~Isolating Verbs Agglutinative Morphosyntactic Alignment active-stative (7.11.7) Dominant Word Order SVO(informal) SOV(formal) Head Direction Possessive Phrase Either Adpositional Phrase First Verb Phrase First Adjective Phrase Final Dominant Marking Possessive Phrase Either Adpositional Phrase Zero? Verb Phrase Both (verb marks for person of direct Object, word order means case) Writing Direction Primary Left to Right (character) Secondary Top to Bottom (line) Tertiary Front to Back (page) Script Latin A priori A posteriori Genders 4(+Genderless sometimes) Cases 2 Tones no Nouns decline according to... Number, Gender, dimunitiveness Verbs conjugate according to... Voice, Person(SUBJ) Tense, Aspect Volition, Number

Classification

• Nouns
  • [PREP - ART] - [DET.INDF - DET.DEF] - NUM - CL - ADJ(s) - NOUN
  • compound adj : all over six feet tall trees
  • either articles or determiners, cannot have both
  • no relative clauses
• Verbs
  • ADV - MODL - [VOICE-VOLITION] - [ASPECT-STEM-TENSE-PER-NUM]

Grammar

Capitalization

• Nouns
• Pronouns
• Numbers
• NOT Start of sentence

Articles

unlike most other words starting with vowels; articles don't have acute accent ō, because they combine with anything not a noun or verb & end with -o

ART - means article

	DEF	IDEF
O.Human	olo	oño
A.Living	ola	oña
E.Real	ole	oñe
I.Other	oli	oñi
N.Neuter	ol	oñ

Declention

Number(Noun)	Singular	Plural
O.	-o	-oñ
A.	-a	-añ
E.	-e	-eñ
I.	-i	-iñ

Collective Nouns/Classifiers

CL -   means collective for modern, classifier for future (V=Maybe classifiers will develop???)

word "kal" (will be in Lexicon)

for example:

• kal mano: a group of people
• kal kal mano: a group of group of people

MAY STACK INFINITELY

Mass Nouns

All nouns are treated as countable nouns, an example of such a language is turkish. The default, like turkish, is also plural.

For example:

• Goàñe, Meaning rice, is a mass noun, but treated as a countable noun
• The singular "Goàñe" may be translated into english as "a grain of rice"
• The plural, "Goàñeñ", may be translated as "rice"

Conjunctions

Cöordinating conjunctions (Independent - Independent)

goes before the subject and needs COMMA

• Mary walked to the party, but she was unable to walk home.

Subordinating conjunctions (Independent - Dependent)

goes after the subject and needs multiple SENTENCES

• I fed the cat. I after brushed my teeth. FRU

• after I fed the cat, I brushed my teeth. ENG
• I brushed my teeth after I fed the cat. ENG

• I slept. I because was sleepy. FRU

• because I was sleepy, I slept. ENG
• I slept because I was sleepy.  ENG

also used for subjunctive mood with word for "if" - WORD GOES HERE

Dual Conjunctions (and, or, nor, xor...)

"English"	Oñ Fruwi	NOTE
and	(...)gai	all
xor	(...)bai	only one
or	(...)dai	at least one
nand	in(...)gai	max 1
nxor	in(...)bai	both or none
nor	in(...)dai	none

(...) = first item

Serial Conjunctions

"English"	Oñ Fruwi
and	(...)gaisi
xor	(...)baisi
or	(...)daisi
nand	sijin(...)gaisi
nxor	sijin(...)baisi
nor	sijin(...)daisi

(...) = first→ second-last items

Moods

Imperative

• Instruction
  • “Go”
  • At start of Sentence always
• Warning
  • N/A(Use Infinitive of verb)

Interrogative

• Yes/No
  • just put "Or not" at the end of a normal sentence
• "Wh" Interrogative
  • “Ger/Gerañ” as Stative Case; dO or iO, dO -> S in passive. “Ber/Berañ” as Active Case (use inplaceof x in Indicative clause)
  • before or after verb add -thing EX: “Ger-Yukeni” means What=time-STAT
  • tojho Īmi ítte Ger (Your name is X -> Your name is what-STAT) ACT STAT(dO) S
  • tojho Īmi ítte Gerañ (Your name is X-P -> Your name is what-P-STAT) ACT STAT(dO) P
  • Ger fe yisʌ To (X PASS eat you-ACTI -> what-STAT PASS eat you-ACTI) PASS STAT(dO) S
  • Gerañ fe yisʌ To (X-P eat you-ACTI -> what-P-STAT PASS eat you-ACTI) PASS STAT(dO) P
  • To slipta áro Ger-Yukeni (You-ACTI sleep at X -> You-ACTI sleep at what=time-STAT) ACT STAT(iO) S
  • To slipta áro Gerañ-Yukeniñ (You-ACTI sleep at X-P -> You-ACTI sleep at what=times-P-STAT) ACT STAT(iO) P
  • Ber-Mano doyisʌdi Ōgge (X HAB-is=eating-?S-PAST this-O-STAT -> who HAB-is=eating-0S-PAST this-O-STAT) ACT ACTI S
  • Berañ-Manoñ doyisʌdiñ Ōgge (X-P HAB-are=eating-?P-PAST this-O-STAT -> who-P HAB-is=eating-0P-PAST this-O-STAT) ACT ACTI P
  • Ōgge fe doyisedi Ber-Mano (X HAB-is=eating-?S-PAST this-O-STAT -> who HAB-is=eating-0S-PAST this-O-STAT) PASS ACTI S
  • Ōgge fe doyisʌdiñ Berañ-Manoñ (X-P HAB-are=eating-?P-PAST this-O-STAT -> who-P HAB-is=eating-0P-PAST this-O-STAT) PASS ACTI P

VoVos

Voice/Volition	Active	Passive*
AVOL	∅	fe
VOL	le	fle
NVOL	re	fre

Verbs

• Root:
  • has to start with C where C=any consonant
  • has to end with CV where V=<ʌ>
  • cannot end with VCV where C=<d,s,x,g,b,f> Rest:
  • Modality is separate words (auxiliary)
  • Aspect is Prefix
  • Tense, Person, Number are Suffixes

Modality

• Just shown as an auxiliary/another word
• don't have syllable constraints
• Can Have Duplicates/synonyms
• Lexical/Free

VoVo

• Just shown as an auxiliary/another word
• Grammatical/Set

Conjugation

Aspect/ROOT/Person/Tense/Number	0Sing	0Plur	1Sing	1Plur	2Sing	2Plur	3Sing	3Plur
HAB - PST	(...)ʌdi	(...)ʌdiñ	(...)odi	(...)odiñ	(...)adi	(...)adiñ	(...)edi	(...)ediñ
HAB - REC.PST	(...)ʌsi	(...)ʌsiñ	(...)osi	(...)osiñ	(...)asi	(...)asiñ	(...)esi	(...)esiñ
HAB - PRES	(...)ʌ	(...)ʌñ	(...)o	(...)oñ	(...)a	(...)añ	(...)e	(...)eñ
HAB - REC.FUT	(...)ʌxi	(...)ʌxiñ	(...)oxi	(...)oxiñ	(...)axi	(...)axiñ	(...)exi	(...)exiñ
HAB - FUT	(...)ʌgi	(...)ʌgiñ	(...)ogi	(...)ogiñ	(...)agi	(...)agiñ	(...)egi	(...)egiñ
INCP - PST	bo(...)ʌdi	bo(...)ʌdiñ	bo(...)odi	bo(...)odiñ	bo(...)adi	bo(...)adiñ	bo(...)edi	bo(...)ediñ
INCP - REC.PST	bo(...)ʌsi	bo(...)ʌsiñ	bo(...)osi	bo(...)osiñ	bo(...)asi	bo(...)asiñ	bo(...)esi	bo(...)esiñ
INCP - PRES	bo(...)ʌ	bo(...)ʌñ	bo(...)o	bo(...)oñ	bo(...)a	bo(...)añ	bo(...)e	bo(...)eñ
INCP - REC.FUT	bo(...)ʌxi	bo(...)ʌxiñ	bo(...)oxi	bo(...)oxiñ	bo(...)axi	bo(...)axiñ	bo(...)exi	bo(...)exiñ
INCP - FUT	bo(...)ʌgi	bo(...)ʌgiñ	bo(...)ogi	bo(...)ogiñ	bo(...)agi	bo(...)agiñ	bo(...)egi	bo(...)egiñ
PROG - PST	do(...)ʌdi	do(...)ʌdiñ	do(...)odi	do(...)odiñ	do(...)adi	do(...)adiñ	do(...)edi	do(...)ediñ
PROG - REC.PST	do(...)ʌsi	do(...)ʌsiñ	do(...)osi	do(...)osiñ	do(...)asi	do(...)asiñ	do(...)esi	do(...)esiñ
PROG - PRES	do(...)ʌ	do(...)ʌñ	do(...)o	do(...)oñ	do(...)a	do(...)añ	do(...)e	do(...)eñ
PROG - REC.FUT	do(...)ʌxi	do(...)ʌxiñ	do(...)oxi	do(...)oxiñ	do(...)axi	do(...)axiñ	do(...)exi	do(...)exiñ
PROG - FUT	do(...)ʌgi	do(...)ʌgiñ	do(...)ogi	do(...)ogiñ	do(...)agi	do(...)agiñ	do(...)egi	do(...)egiñ
TERM - PST	go(...)ʌdi	go(...)ʌdiñ	go(...)odi	go(...)odiñ	go(...)adi	go(...)adiñ	go(...)edi	go(...)ediñ
TERM - REC.PST	go(...)ʌsi	go(...)ʌsiñ	go(...)osi	go(...)osiñ	go(...)asi	go(...)asiñ	go(...)esi	go(...)esiñ
TERM - PRES	go(...)ʌ	go(...)ʌñ	go(...)o	go(...)oñ	go(...)a	go(...)añ	go(...)e	go(...)eñ
TERM - REC.FUT	go(...)ʌxi	go(...)ʌxiñ	go(...)oxi	go(...)oxiñ	go(...)axi	go(...)axiñ	go(...)exi	go(...)exiñ
TERM - FUT	go(...)ʌgi	go(...)ʌgiñ	go(...)ogi	go(...)ogiñ	go(...)agi	go(...)agiñ	go(...)egi	go(...)egiñ

Conjugation Depending on Pronoun (Pronoun - Conjugation)

• 1S - 1S, 2S - 2S, 1P - 1P, 2P - 2P,
• Demonstrative - 3S/3P
• Unknown Person - 0S/0P
• 0S - 0S, 0P - 0P
• Topic - 0S/0P
• Indefinite - (Universal and Existential - 0P) (Negatory and Alternative - 0S)
• Comparative/Superlative - 0P
• Impersonal in Active/Intransitive in Active - 0S

4 types of Verbs:

• Transitive Personal [A and O]
  • Active
    • I-ACT eat-ACT coffee-STA (i eat coffee)
  • Passive*
    • coffee-STA eat-PASS I-ACT (coffee eat i)
• Volative/Unergative Personal [S_A Only]
  • Active
    • I-ACT VOL resign-ACT (i resign)
  • Passive*
    • VOL resign-PASS I-ACT (i resign)
• Avolative/Unergative Personal [S_O Only]
  • Active
    • It-STA AVOL fall-ACT (it falls)
  • Passive*
    • AVOL fall-PASS It-STA (falls it)

• Impersonal/Avelent (Free)
  • CANNOT HAVE PASSIVE* VERBS
    • rain-ACT (rain)

* here, passive doesnt mean O->A, A->∅; it means O->A,A->O

What do those things above mean? (alignment!)

(A=S_A, O=S_O )

Derivative Morphology

Participle (Verb -> ADJ)

add a <qa> to the end Ex: <vekocheqa Qoita> /vekʰot͡ʃeɣa ɣoitʰa/ "cooked goat"

Possessive /Genitive

(use as seperate words with nouns ; go to pronouns page for use with pronouns)

	Dependent	Headless Dependent?	Head?
oñ Fruwi	jho	je	co
IPA	/d͡ʒo/	/d͡ze/	/t͡so/
Use	's	's	of
Example	It is John's dog It is John's (*a) dog	It is John's It is John's [It]	It is Dog of John It is (a) dog of John