User:Chrysophylax/fd

1. merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar]

   *ḱléwos → *klewos

2. dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss

   *bʰreud-tós → *bʰreussós

3. metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT

   *h₂rtkos → *h₂rktos

4. loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style)

   *h₁e → *e~i

   *h₂e → *a

   *h₃e → *o

5. loss of laryngeal after vowel, same as above but lengthening

   *eh₁ → *ē

   *eh₂ → *ā

   *eh₃ → *ō

6. epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants

   *septṃ → *septəm

7. loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC)

   *H → *ə (except: #_R where *H → h)

8. CVHC → CV̄C
9. Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w
10. *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_

    *st, *sk → *ss

11. *m becomes *n before dentals and word finally.
12. nasal + velar → *nn
13. PT, KT join TT in → *ss

    *kh₂ptós → *kəssós

14. merger of *ə and short *a
15. fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l
16. stress is retracted one step
17. lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables
18. labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V

    *ákwā → *áwā

19. raising of *o after *w

    *déywos → *déywus

20. [-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V
21. lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. (active surface filter)
22. *s → *z / V_{V #}
23. *h → Ø / #_{l r}
24. innovation of future tense from desiderative -s- formation.

    *kā́psyeō ‘I will seize’ ( < *keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂)

25. loss of *w before *u

    *wī́wus → *wī́uz

26. secondary athematic endings are added to the imperfective present and future

    *kā́pyeōn < (*kh₂p-yé-oh₂-m); *kā́psyeōn ( < *keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m)

27. *ō → *ā

    *kā́psyeōn → *kā́psyeān

28. P K → f x / V_s

    *pā́ksyeān → *pā́xsyeān ‘I will fasten’ ( < *ph₂ḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m)

29. *e → *æ / C_aC

    *bʰóweyeān → *bʰówæyæān ‘I warn’ ( < *bʰogʷ-éye-oh₂-m)

30. Shift to strong initial expiratory stress
31. *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_

    *kā́pyæān → *kā́βyæān

32. *z → *r / V_V, V_#

    *wī́uz → *wīur

33. merger of locative and instrumental cases
34. *x → *s / _s

    *péxsyæān → *péssyæān ‘I will slap’ ( < *peḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m)

35. breaking of stressed open *é → *yá

    *déyur → *dyáyur

36. end of *e → *æ lowering
37. new case endings: essive -ta, comitative -we
38. fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ

    *néβāt → *nébʰāt

39. unstressed *ē → ai

    *pádʰēr → *pádʰair

40. contraction

    *e + *o → ō

    *æ, a + *a, ā → ā

41. medial -j- loss

    *dyáyusta → *dyáusta ‘like a god’

42. loss of initial h in clusters.

    *hrāra → *rāra ( < *Hroseh₂ )

43. shortening of long final vowels after a stressed syllable

    *wórān → *wóran ( < *gʷʰor-éy-oh₂-m)

44. vocalisation of semi-vowels / #C_V

    *dyáur → *diáur

45. V:, V:C and VCC become standard

    *wóran → *wṓrann