User:Chrysophylax/fd: Difference between revisions
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#merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar] | #merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar] | ||
#: ''*ḱléwos'' → ''*klewos'' | #: ''*ḱléwos'' → ''*klewos'' ‘fame’ | ||
#dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss | #dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss | ||
#: *''bʰreud-tós'' → ''*bʰreussós'' | #: *''bʰreud-tós'' → ''*bʰreussós'' ‘broken’ | ||
#metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT | #metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT | ||
#: ''*h₂rtkos'' → ''*h₂rktos'' | #: ''*h₂rtkos'' → ''*h₂rktos'' ‘bear’ | ||
#loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style) | #loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style) | ||
#: *h₁e → *e~i | #: *h₁e → *e~i | ||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
#: *eh₃ → *ō | #: *eh₃ → *ō | ||
#epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants | #epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants | ||
#: ''*septṃ'' → ''*septəm'' | #: ''*septṃ'' → ''*septəm'' ‘seven’ | ||
#loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC) | #loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC) | ||
#: *H → *ə (except: #_R where *H → h) | #: *H → *ə (except: #_R where *H → h) | ||
| Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
# nasal + velar → *nn | # nasal + velar → *nn | ||
# PT, KT join TT in → *ss | # PT, KT join TT in → *ss | ||
#: ''*kh₂ptós'' → ''*kəssós'' | #: ''*kh₂ptós'' → ''*kəssós'' ‘taken’ | ||
#merger of *ə and short *a | #merger of *ə and short *a | ||
#fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l | #fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l | ||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
#lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables | #lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables | ||
#labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V | #labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V | ||
#: ''*ákwā'' → *''áwā'' | #: ''*ákwā'' → *''áwā'' ‘water’ | ||
#raising of *o after *w | #raising of *o after *w | ||
#:''*déywos'' → ''*déywus'' | #:''*déywos'' → ''*déywus'' ‘god’ | ||
#[-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V | #[-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V | ||
#lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. (active surface filter) | #lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. (active surface filter) | ||
| Line 51: | Line 51: | ||
#Shift to strong initial expiratory stress | #Shift to strong initial expiratory stress | ||
# *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_ | # *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_ | ||
#: ''*kā́pyæān'' → ''*kā́βyæān'' | #: ''*kā́pyæān'' → ''*kā́βyæān'' ‘I seize’ | ||
# *z → *r / V_V, V_# | # *z → *r / V_V, V_# | ||
#: ''*wī́uz'' → ''*wīur'' | #: ''*wī́uz'' → ''*wīur'' ‘alive’ | ||
#merger of locative and instrumental cases | #merger of locative and instrumental cases | ||
# *x → *s / _s | # *x → *s / _s | ||
| Line 95: | Line 95: | ||
|}</ref> | |}</ref> | ||
# fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ | # fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ | ||
#: ''*néβāt'' → ''*nébʰāt'' | #: ''*néβāt'' → ''*nébʰāt'' ‘nephew’ | ||
# unstressed *ē → ai (operating during period of contraction) | # unstressed *ē → ai (operating during period of contraction) | ||
#: ''*pádʰēr'' → ''*pádʰair'' | #: ''*pádʰēr'' → ''*pádʰair'' ‘father’ | ||
# contraction | # contraction | ||
#: *o + *e → *ē | #: *o + *e → *ē | ||
| Line 107: | Line 107: | ||
#: ''*hrāra'' → ''*rāra'' ( < *Hroseh₂ ) | #: ''*hrāra'' → ''*rāra'' ( < *Hroseh₂ ) | ||
#shortening of long final vowels after a stressed syllable | #shortening of long final vowels after a stressed syllable | ||
#: ''*wórān'' → ''*wóran'' ( < *gʷʰor-éy-oh₂-m) | #: ''*wórān'' → ''*wóran'' ‘prepare’ ( < *gʷʰor-éy-oh₂-m) | ||
#vocalisation of semi-vowels / #C_V | #vocalisation of semi-vowels / #C_V | ||
#: ''*dyáur'' → ''*diáur'' | #: ''*dyáur'' → ''*diáur'' | ||
#<s>V:, V:C and VCC become standard</s> | #<s>V:, V:C and VCC become standard</s> | ||
#<s>: ''*wóran'' → ''*wṓrann'' </s> | #<s>: ''*wóran'' → ''*wṓrann'' </s> | ||
Revision as of 01:18, 13 September 2015
- merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar]
- *ḱléwos → *klewos ‘fame’
- dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss
- *bʰreud-tós → *bʰreussós ‘broken’
- metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT
- *h₂rtkos → *h₂rktos ‘bear’
- loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style)
- *h₁e → *e~i
- *h₂e → *a
- *h₃e → *o
- loss of laryngeal after vowel, same as above but lengthening
- *eh₁ → *ē
- *eh₂ → *ā
- *eh₃ → *ō
- epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants
- *septṃ → *septəm ‘seven’
- loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC)
- *H → *ə (except: #_R where *H → h)
- CVHC → CV̄C
- Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w
- *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_
- *st, *sk → *ss
- *m becomes *n before dentals and word finally.
- nasal + velar → *nn
- PT, KT join TT in → *ss
- *kh₂ptós → *kəssós ‘taken’
- merger of *ə and short *a
- fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l
- stress is retracted one step
- lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables
- labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V
- *ákwā → *áwā ‘water’
- raising of *o after *w
- *déywos → *déywus ‘god’
- [-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V
- lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. (active surface filter)
- *s → *z / V_{V #}
- *h → Ø / #_{l r}
- innovation of future tense from desiderative -s- formation.
- *kā́psyeō ‘I will seize’ ( < *keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂)
- loss of *w before *u
- *wī́wus → *wī́uz
- secondary athematic endings are added to the imperfective present and future
- *kā́pyeōn < (*kh₂p-yé-oh₂-m); *kā́psyeōn ( < *keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m)
- *ō → *ā
- *kā́psyeōn → *kā́psyeān
- P K → f x / V_s
- *pā́ksyeān → *pā́xsyeān ‘I will fasten’ ( < *ph₂ḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m)
- *e → *æ / C_aC
- *bʰóweyeān → *bʰówæyæān ‘I warn’ ( < *bʰogʷ-éye-oh₂-m)
- Shift to strong initial expiratory stress
- *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_
- *kā́pyæān → *kā́βyæān ‘I seize’
- *z → *r / V_V, V_#
- *wī́uz → *wīur ‘alive’
- merger of locative and instrumental cases
- *x → *s / _s
- *péxsyæān → *péssyæān ‘I will slap’ ( < *peḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m)
- breaking of stressed open *é → *yá
- *déyur → *dyáyur
- end of *e → *æ lowering
- new case endings: essive -ta, comitative -we [1]
- fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ
- *néβāt → *nébʰāt ‘nephew’
- unstressed *ē → ai (operating during period of contraction)
- *pádʰēr → *pádʰair ‘father’
- contraction
- *o + *e → *ē
- *e + *o → *ō
- *æ, *a + *a, *ā → *ā
- medial -y- loss
- *dyáyusta → *dyáusta ‘like a god’
- loss of initial h in clusters.
- *hrāra → *rāra ( < *Hroseh₂ )
- shortening of long final vowels after a stressed syllable
- *wórān → *wóran ‘prepare’ ( < *gʷʰor-éy-oh₂-m)
- vocalisation of semi-vowels / #C_V
- *dyáur → *diáur
V:, V:C and VCC become standard: *wóran → *wṓrann- *ew → *u:
- *lewmana → *lūmana 'first light of the day' ( < *léwk-mn-eh₂)
References
- ^
*dyáyur 'god' Number Singular Plural Nominative *dyáyur *dyáywer Vocative *dyáyu *dyáywer Genitive *dyáyuryor *dyáywān Accusative *dyáyun *dyáyuns Dative *dyáywei *dyáyuybhor Ablative *dyáywiad *dyáyuybhor Locative-Instrumental *dyáywei *dyáyuysu Essive *dyáyusta *dyáyuysta Comitative *dyáyuwe *dyáywezwe