I Kronurum: Difference between revisions

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The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013 [It is part of a larger conworlding project].
The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] since 2013 [It is part of a larger conworlding project].




==Background==
=Background=
 
<br/>
<br/>
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the Northern Languages linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the Northern Languages linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.
Line 45: Line 34:
The developmental stage presented in this article is Middle-IK (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'' in the plains in the northern region of the central continent, constituting the main variety spoken in the region along the shores of the northern sea. The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which translates as "The land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called Marks, which hold regular congress regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of their hold.
The developmental stage presented in this article is Middle-IK (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural ''Urheimat'' in the plains in the northern region of the central continent, constituting the main variety spoken in the region along the shores of the northern sea. The endonym of this region is ''Ifarka'' (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which translates as "The land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called Marks, which hold regular congress regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of their hold.
<br/>
<br/>
INTRODUCTION 3
Historic and geographic setting of I Kronurum 3
Historical stages of the language. 3
Geography of the I Kronurum speaker’s land. 3
=GRAMMAR=


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Vowels===
====Vowel inventory====
{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}
====Umlaut and dypthongues by umlaut====
====Other dypthongues====
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The consonants of '''I Kronurum'''
====Consonant inventory====
====Consonant inventory====


Line 144: Line 200:
|}
|}


====Consonant allophony====
====Onset mutations====
'''·''' /p/ and /t/, except when result of a mutation, become aspirated when in initial position before a vowel (/pʰV/, /tʰV/)
===Syllable structure===
 
'''·''' /ŋ/ is an allophone of /n/ before /g/ (eg. ''angr'' /ˈɑŋ.gɾ̩/, {{sc|1.s}}=”I”).
 
'''·''' ‹g› = /x/ only in coda after a front vowel (eg. ‹sig›, /ˈsix/, “until”).
 
===Vowels===
The vowels of '''I Kronurum'''
 
====Vowel inventory====
 
{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ʊ)</div>
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɘ)</div>
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
e̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɛ)</div>
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɐ)</div>
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(a)</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}
 
====Vowel allophony====
'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.
 
'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.
 
<!--
====Umlaut and dipthongs by umlaut====
 
====Other dipthongs====
-->
 
===Other contextual phonological phenomena===
 
There are some morpho-phonological phenomena that need yet to be properly described. This is a sample of those:
 
'''·''' -ren-rin- → -relin-
 
'''·''' jw+u /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] sky ''juska'' /ˈjus.kɐ/, ''ó jubsken'' /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/
 
'''·''' /u̜.j/ → /ui̯/ fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
 
'''·''' -/m/ /b/- → -/mb̥/- ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
 
=====Onset mutations=====
 
Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation.
 
Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.
 
Eg. ''duma'' {fox:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó ðumen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} fox-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró þuma'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} fox-{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||p- /p/ ||f- /f/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||b- /b/~/β/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||k- /k/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|j- /j/ ||jw- /jʷ/ ||ñ- /ɲ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||l- /l / ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||w- /w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||nw- /nʷ/ ||ñ- /ɲ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||þ- /θ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|t- /t/ ||d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/
|-
|w- /w/ ||gw- /gʷ/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/
|}
 
Some of the occurring phenomena are nasalization, labialization, palatalization, velarization, fricativization, voicing and devoicing.
 
===Phonotactics===
The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(N/R), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end either with a nasal [N] or an r' [R].
 
<!--
===Orthography===
 
There is a Latin and a Gothic alphabet besides an in-world, "native" orthography.
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=5 | Consonants
|-
!IPA value||Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||Notes
|-
|b||-||-||-||-
|-
|k||-||-||-||
|-
|d||-||-||-||
|-
|f||-||-||-||
|-
|g||-||-||-||
|-
|h||-||-||-||
|-
!colspan=5 | Vowels
|-
|ɑ||å||-||-||The use of ‹å› is merely orthographic and serves the purpose of bringing the causative ‹-a-› to be correctly pronounced /ɑ/, given that ‹a› in this position should be otherwise realised as /a/ or /ɐ/.
|-
|}
 
-->
 
==Grammar==
===Morphology===
Pro-drop
 
A/N
 
====Nominal morphology====
 
 
Nouns are marked for number and gender.
<!--
{|  style="text-align: center;" class= "bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! colspan="6" |Nominal declension
|-
! !! {{sc|nominative}} !! Placeholder !! Placeholder !! Placeholder !! Placeholder
|-
!Placeholder
| ''angr{{blue|}}''|| ''angr{{blue|ir}}'' || ''__'' || ''__'' || __
|-
!Placeholder
| ''__''|| ''__'' || ''__'' || ''__''|| __
|-
!Placeholder
| ''__''|| ''__'' || ''__'' || ''__''|| __
|}
-->
 
=====Marking hierarchy=====
 
The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4
|-
| √{{sc|noun}} || {{sc|det}} || {{sc|pl}} || and || {{sc|nom}}, {{sc|gen}}, {{sc|akk}}, {{sc|dat}}, {{sc|inst}}, {{sc|loc}}, {{sc|all}}
|}
 
In the genitive and accusative cases, the root is preceded by a preposition.
 
=====Declension particles and other affixes=====
 
Case marking
 
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || ∅ || ∅ || - || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1.  Excrecent r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|akk}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: commitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}
 
 
Other particles and derivational affixes
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix <-rum>
''kronur'' “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}
 
''i kronurum'', {{lcbr}}i kro-nur-rum{{rcbr}}
 
[NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]
 
= "was ich spreche", “that what I’m speaking”; speech, language.
 
|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ríra, “person”
''hlajur'' v. to.make, ''hlajrir'' n. maker.
 
''assa'' n. forge, ''assarir'' n. smith.
|-
| {{sc|tool}} || Associated artifact, tool || -(e)nar || -/ɘnɐɾ/ || suffix || From nara, “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”
|-
| {{sc|col}} || Colective noun || -hir || -/hiɾ/ || suffix || From hitr, “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-
|  {{sc|?}} || ? || -(u)rur || -/u.ɾuɾ/ || suffix || ?
|}
 
 
<!--
=====Plurals=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Header text !! Header text !! Header text !! Header text !! Header text
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|}
 
=====Diminutives=====
=====Augmentatives=====
=====Superlatives=====
 
====Personal pronouns====
 
Adjectives
 
-->
 
====Verbal morphology====
 
Verbs are marked for tense, mood, aspect, number and, in the third person, also gender.
 
 
Particles and affixes
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|}
 
=====Marking hierarchy=====
 
The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! -2 !! -1 !! 0 !! 1 !! 2
|-
| Passive voice marker || Aspect marker prefix|| √{{sc|verb}} || Conjugation affix for person, number and mood || Aspect marker suffix
|}
 
=====Regular conjugation paradigms=====
There are four different regular conjugation classes, labeled {{sc|i}}, {{sc|ii}}, {{sc|iii}} and {{sc|iv}}
 
<!--
{|  style="text-align: center;" class= "bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! colspan="6" |{{sc|class i}}
|-
! !! {{sc|nominative}} !! Placeholder !! Placeholder !! Placeholder !! Placeholder
|-
!Placeholder
| ''angr{{blue|}}''|| ''angr{{blue|ir}}'' || ''__'' || ''__'' || __
|-
!Placeholder
| ''__''|| ''__'' || ''__'' || ''__''|| __
|-
!Placeholder
| ''__''|| ''__'' || ''__'' || ''__''|| __
|}
-->
 
<!--
=====Aspect markers=====
Verbal aspect is marked as follows:
 
 
 
====Adverbs====
====Derivational morphology====
=====Derivation of nouns=====
=====Derivation of adjectives=====
===Syntax===
====Sentence structure====
=====1=====
======a======
======b======
=====2=====
=====3=====
-->
 
==Samples==
 
===Sample sentences===
 
 
.
{| class="wikitable
| colspan=6 | ''ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen''
|-
| /ˈʔu̜ || ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn || {{Pipe}} || ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
|-
| ó(r) || {b>p}aga-rum-ór-(e)n || || unda-rum-ór-(e)n || || fara-rum-(e)n
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || tree-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || bird-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|and}}-{{sc|gen}} || || horse-{{sc|det}}-{{sc|gen}}
|-
| colspan=6 | "of/about the tree, the bird and the horse" (a tale)
|}


===Other samples===
==MORPHOLOGY==
===Nominal morphology===
====Declension particles and affixes====
====Plurals====
====Diminutives====
====Augmentatives====
====Superlatives====
===Personal pronouns===
===Adjectives===
====Comparative====
===Verbal morphology===
====Verb conjugation paradigms====
=====_=====
=====_=====
=====_=====
=====_=====
====Verbal aspect markers====
====Particles and affixes====
===Marking hierarchy===
====Nouns====
====Verbs====
===Derivational morphology===
====Derivational particles and affixes====
===Discourse particles===
===Deictics===
====Spatial deixis====
====Temporal deixis====


==SYNTAX==


I Kronurum has also taken [[Fourth Linguifex Relay/I Kronurum|part]] in the [[Fourth Linguifex Relay]].
==LEXIKON==


<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
==SAMPLES==
===Sentences===
===Nominal declension themes===
===Conjugational paradigms===
====Consonant theme====


[[Category:Conlangs]]
==HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS==

Revision as of 08:50, 27 September 2015


I Kronurum
"that which is spoken"
IKronurum.png
Pronunciation[/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/]
Created byNicolás Straccia
Date2013
Native toMarks of Ifarka (i-Étrir, ...) and exclaves under their influence
Northern Languages
  • I Kronurum
Early forms
Proto-Northern
  • Ancient I.K.
    • Old I.K.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The language known as I Kronurum is a conlang being created and developed by Nicolás Straccia since 2013 [It is part of a larger conworlding project].


Background


The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the Northern Languages linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this central branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified: Ancient IK (AIK), Old IK (OIK), Middle IK (MIK; together with Early-MIK, EMIK) and Modern IK (MoIK; together with Early-MoIK, EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is Middle-IK (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural Urheimat in the plains in the northern region of the central continent, constituting the main variety spoken in the region along the shores of the northern sea. The endonym of this region is Ifarka (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which translates as "The land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called Marks, which hold regular congress regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of their hold.

INTRODUCTION 3 Historic and geographic setting of I Kronurum 3 Historical stages of the language. 3 Geography of the I Kronurum speaker’s land. 3


GRAMMAR

Phonology

Vowels

Vowel inventory

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u
(ʊ)
(ɘ)
e̞
o̞
(ɛ)
(ɐ)
(a)
ɑ
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

Umlaut and dypthongues by umlaut

Other dypthongues

Consonants

Consonant inventory

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t d k g ʔ
Nasal m n (ɲ) (ŋ)
Trill r
Tap or flap ɾ
Fricative (β) f θ ð s ʃ x (ɣ) h
Lateral fric. (ɬ)
Approximant w j
Lateral app. l

Onset mutations

Syllable structure

MORPHOLOGY

Nominal morphology

Declension particles and affixes

Plurals

Diminutives

Augmentatives

Superlatives

Personal pronouns

Adjectives

Comparative

Verbal morphology

Verb conjugation paradigms

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Verbal aspect markers

Particles and affixes

Marking hierarchy

Nouns

Verbs

Derivational morphology

Derivational particles and affixes

Discourse particles

Deictics

Spatial deixis

Temporal deixis

SYNTAX

LEXIKON

SAMPLES

Sentences

Nominal declension themes

Conjugational paradigms

Consonant theme

HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS

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