Lakovic: Difference between revisions
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!colspan="2" | Labial | !colspan="2" | Labial | ||
!colspan="2" | Coronal | !colspan="2" | Coronal | ||
!colspan="2" | Lateral | |||
!colspan="2" | Coarticulated | !colspan="2" | Coarticulated | ||
!colspan="2" | Velar | !colspan="2" | Velar | ||
!rowspan="2" | Glottal | !rowspan="2" | Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>broad</small> | |||
! <small>slender</small> | |||
! <small>broad</small> | ! <small>broad</small> | ||
! <small>slender</small> | ! <small>slender</small> | ||
| Line 26: | Line 29: | ||
| /m̊/ || /ŋ̊ʘ/ | | /m̊/ || /ŋ̊ʘ/ | ||
| /n̊/ || /ŋ̊ǀ/ | | /n̊/ || /ŋ̊ǀ/ | ||
| /n̊ˡ/ || /ŋ̊ǁ/ | |||
| /ŋ̊!/ || /ŋ̊ǂ/ | | /ŋ̊!/ || /ŋ̊ǂ/ | ||
| /ŋ̊/ || /ɲ̊/ | | /ŋ̊/ || /ɲ̊/ | ||
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| /m/ || /ŋʘ/ | | /m/ || /ŋʘ/ | ||
| /n/ || /ŋǀ/ | | /n/ || /ŋǀ/ | ||
| /nˡ/ || /ŋǁ/ | |||
| /ŋ!/ || /ŋǂ/ | | /ŋ!/ || /ŋǂ/ | ||
| /ŋ/ || /ɲ/ | | /ŋ/ || /ɲ/ | ||
| Line 41: | Line 46: | ||
| /p/ || /ʘ/ | | /p/ || /ʘ/ | ||
| /t/ || /ǀ/ | | /t/ || /ǀ/ | ||
| /tɬ/ || /ǁ/ | |||
| /!/ || /ǂ/ | | /!/ || /ǂ/ | ||
| /k/ || /c/ | | /k/ || /c/ | ||
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| /pʰ/ || /ʘʰ/ | | /pʰ/ || /ʘʰ/ | ||
| /tʰ/ || /ǀʰ/ | | /tʰ/ || /ǀʰ/ | ||
| /tɬʰ/ || /ǁʰ/ | |||
| /!ʰ/ || /ǂʰ/ | | /!ʰ/ || /ǂʰ/ | ||
| /kʰ/ || /cʰ/ | | /kʰ/ || /cʰ/ | ||
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| /b/ || /gʘ/ | | /b/ || /gʘ/ | ||
| /d/ || /gǀ/ | | /d/ || /gǀ/ | ||
| /dɮ/ || /gǁ/ | |||
| /g!/ || /gǂ/ | | /g!/ || /gǂ/ | ||
| /g/ || /ɟ/ | | /g/ || /ɟ/ | ||
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| /f/ || /fç/ | | /f/ || /fç/ | ||
| /s/ || /sç/ | | /s/ || /sç/ | ||
| /ɬ/ || /ɬʲ/ | |||
| /ɧ/ || /ʂ/ | | /ɧ/ || /ʂ/ | ||
| /x/ || /ç/ | | /x/ || /ç/ | ||
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| || | | || | ||
| /z/ || /zj/ | | /z/ || /zj/ | ||
| /ɮ/ || /ɮʲ/ | |||
| /ɧ̬/ || /ʐ/ | | /ɧ̬/ || /ʐ/ | ||
| /ɣ/ || /ʝ/ | | /ɣ/ || /ʝ/ | ||
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| || | | || | ||
| /r/ || /r̝/ | | /r/ || /r̝/ | ||
| || | |||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
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!colspan=2| Approximant | !colspan=2| Approximant | ||
| /w/ || /ɥ/ | | /w/ || /ɥ/ | ||
| || | |||
| /l/ || /ʎ/ | | /l/ || /ʎ/ | ||
| || | | || | ||
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| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Medials=== | ===Medials=== | ||
The medial is optional. There is one possible medial, /w~ɥ/. | The medial is optional. There is one possible medial, /w~ɥ/. | ||
Revision as of 02:42, 2 October 2015
Kurmian (an dhbhàigh Cuatham) is a Wiobic language spoken in the Kurmian Mountains. It is notorious in the Wiobosphere for having a large number of click consonants and a terse fusional morphology using mutations and tone changes.
Phonology
Initials
An unusual feature of Kurmian phonology is that palatalized stops are realized as clicks.
| Labial | Coronal | Lateral | Coarticulated | Velar | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| broad | slender | broad | slender | broad | slender | broad | slender | broad | slender | |||
| Nasal | voiceless | /m̊/ | /ŋ̊ʘ/ | /n̊/ | /ŋ̊ǀ/ | /n̊ˡ/ | /ŋ̊ǁ/ | /ŋ̊!/ | /ŋ̊ǂ/ | /ŋ̊/ | /ɲ̊/ | |
| voiceless | /m/ | /ŋʘ/ | /n/ | /ŋǀ/ | /nˡ/ | /ŋǁ/ | /ŋ!/ | /ŋǂ/ | /ŋ/ | /ɲ/ | ||
| Stop | tenuis | /p/ | /ʘ/ | /t/ | /ǀ/ | /tɬ/ | /ǁ/ | /!/ | /ǂ/ | /k/ | /c/ | /ʔ/ |
| aspirated | /pʰ/ | /ʘʰ/ | /tʰ/ | /ǀʰ/ | /tɬʰ/ | /ǁʰ/ | /!ʰ/ | /ǂʰ/ | /kʰ/ | /cʰ/ | ||
| voiced | /b/ | /gʘ/ | /d/ | /gǀ/ | /dɮ/ | /gǁ/ | /g!/ | /gǂ/ | /g/ | /ɟ/ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | /f/ | /fç/ | /s/ | /sç/ | /ɬ/ | /ɬʲ/ | /ɧ/ | /ʂ/ | /x/ | /ç/ | /h/ |
| voiced | /z/ | /zj/ | /ɮ/ | /ɮʲ/ | /ɧ̬/ | /ʐ/ | /ɣ/ | /ʝ/ | ||||
| Trill | /r/ | /r̝/ | ||||||||||
| Approximant | /w/ | /ɥ/ | /l/ | /ʎ/ | /j/ | |||||||
Medials
The medial is optional. There is one possible medial, /w~ɥ/.
Nucleus
There are three possible nuclei: /a/, /ə/ and zero. The nuclei display a range of different realizations depending on the phonetic environment:
- /a/ is realized as:
- /ə/ is realized as:
- Zero nucleus is realized as:
- /u/ if the medial is /w/
- /y/ if the medial is /ɥ/
- /ɨ/ if the medial is zero and is a dental click or a retroflex
- /i/ otherwise if the medial is zero
Coda
The coda is optional. There are seven possible finals in Kurmian: /m n ŋ l r w j/.
Tones
Mutations
seimhiu
/p, ʘ/ > /f(ʲ)/
/pʰ, ʘʰ/ > /f(ʲ)/
/b, gʘ, m, ŋʘ/ > /w, ɥ/
/t, |/ > /h/
/d, g|/ > /ɣ, j/
/tʰ, |ʰ/ > /h/
/!, ǂ, !ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ɧ, ɧʲ/
/g|, gǂ/ > voiced sj
/k, c, kʰ, cʰ/ > /x, ç/
/g, gʲ/ > /ɣ, j/
/s, sʲ/ > /x, ç/
uru:
/p, ʘ/ > /b gʘ/ > /m, ŋʘ/
/pʰ ʘʰ/ > /m̊ ŋ̊ʘ/
/t, |/ > /d, g|/ > /n, ŋ|/
/tʰ, |ʰ/ > /nʰ, ŋʰ|/
/!, ǂ/ > /g!, gǂ/ > /ŋ!, ŋǂ/
/!ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ŋʰ!, ŋʰǂ/
/k, c/ >/g, gʲ/ > /ŋ, ŋʲ/
/s, sʲ/ > /z, zʲ/ (spelled ns)
Grammar
masculine declension:
singular:
an: nominative
an-S: accusative
an-H: genitive
plural:
on-S: nominative
on-N: accusative
on-S: genitive
feminine declension:
singular:
an-S: nominative (*ire*)
an-S: accusative
an-N: genitive
plural:
ár: nominative
ár-N: accusative
ár-S: genitive