Cmanc: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Verbs)
(Noun Cases, Adjective Cases, Small Tweaks)
Line 167: Line 167:


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Nouns===
 
Every noun needs to follow and be contained within one of the categories below, determined by the vowel of the last syllable.
==== Classes ====
*  Objects, Elements: -u
*  Instruments, Vehicles: -μ
*  Fluids: -o
*  Natural Phenomena: -ϰ
*  Life, Living beings: -a
*  Social, Dialogue: -ϕ
*  Time: -ω
*  Abstract, Ideas: -ı
*  Collectives, Plurals: -e
*  Parts, Components: -ε
 
==== Cases ====
 
Additionally, any noun can be inflected in case by using a specific final character at the last syllable of the noun.


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun Cases
|-
! Case !! Final !! Indicates
|-
| <center>Absolutive Case</center> || <center>none</center> || <center>Intransitive Subject<br>Transitive Object<br>Ditransitive Indirect Object</center>
|-
| <center>Ergative Case</center> || <center>-s</center> || <center>Transitive Subject</center>
|-
| <center>Dative Case</center> || <center>-ϝ</center> || <center>Ditransitive Direct Object</center>
|-
| <center>Genitive Case</center> || <center>-ϱ</center> || <center>Inalienable Possessor</center>
|-
| <center>Possessive Case</center> || <center>-m</center> || <center>Alienable Possessor</center>
|-
| <center>Originative Case</center> || <center>-τγ</center> || <center>Origin<br>Material</center>
|-
| <center>Lative Case</center> || <center>-ϧγ</center> || <center>Direction Target<br>Motion Target</center>
|-
| <center>Comitative Case</center> || <center>-o</center> || <center>Company<br>Assistance</center>
|-
| <center>Evidential Case</center> || <center>-ϩ</center> || <center>Witness</center>
|-
| <center>Locative Case</center> || <center>-n</center> || <center>Location</center>
|}


Nouns
===Adjectives===
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology


-->
Adjectives have the last syllable with "η/ie" as the vowel. Adjectives also have cases, which is represented by the final used at the last syllable.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Adjective Cases
|-
! Case !! Final !! Indicates
|-
| <center>Prepositive Case</center> || <center>none</center> || <center>Modifies the Proceding Noun</center>
|-
| <center>Postpositive Case</center> || <center>-s</center> || <center>Modifies the Preceding Noun</center>
|-
| <center>Adverbial Case</center> || <center>-τγ</center> || <center>Adverbs</center>
|-
| <center>Subjective Case</center> || <center>-m</center> || <center>Opinions</center>
|-
| <center>Superlative Case</center> || <center>-ϧγ</center> || <center>Comparisons with 3+ Entities</center>
|-
| <center>Comparative Case</center> || <center>-ϱ</center> || <center>Comparisons with 2 Entities</center>
|}


==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Nouns===
===Verbs===
===Verbs===


The base form of verbs have a final -κκ. Conjugation is done by adding an extra syllable at the end, each part of the extra syllable acts as an unique modifier to the verb.
The base form of verbs have a final "-κκ/-kh". Conjugation is done by adding an extra syllable at the end, each part of the extra syllable acts as an unique modifier to the verb.
==== Forms ====
==== Forms ====


Line 191: Line 244:
===== Infinitive Form =====
===== Infinitive Form =====


The base form of the verb (ends in -κκ). Acts as a noun that represents the action being done.
The base form of the verb (ends in "-κκ/-kh"). Acts as a noun that represents the action being done.
===== Participle Form =====
===== Participle Form =====


Terminates in -κκnη. Acts as an adjective that means "one that/which <verb>", it is equivalent to the Habitual Aspect, but without needing a relative particle.
Terminates in "-κκnη/-khnie". Acts as an adjective that means "one that/which <verb>", it is equivalent to the Habitual Aspect, but without needing a relative particle.
===== Agentive Form =====
===== Agentive Form =====


Terminates in -κκmμ. Acts as a noun that represents one that performs the verb, equivalent to the -er termination in English.
Terminates in "-κκmμ/-khmuo". Acts as a noun that represents one that performs the verb, equivalent to the -er termination in English.
==== Moods (consonant) ====
==== Moods (consonant) ====


Verbal moods are represented by the consonant of the modifier syllable after -κκ.
Verbal moods are represented by the consonant of the modifier syllable after "-κκ/-kh".
===== Indicative Mood =====
===== Indicative Mood =====


Line 206: Line 259:
===== Inferential Mood =====
===== Inferential Mood =====


Uses the consonant "ϝ". Represents an action that was not witnessed and/or is uncertain.
Uses the consonant "ϝ/f". Represents an action that was not witnessed and/or is uncertain.
===== Imperative Mood =====
===== Imperative Mood =====


Uses the consonant "ϧγ". Represents a request done directly to the second person, the subject is optional when using this verbal mood.
Uses the consonant "ϧγ/dj". Represents a request done directly to the second person, the subject is optional when using this verbal mood.
===== Jussive Mood =====
===== Jussive Mood =====


Uses the consonant "ϧ". Represents a request, suggestion or advice done to the third person, This third person can be specified with an extra noun in the ergative case immediately after the verb.
Uses the consonant "ϧ/d". Represents a request, suggestion or advice done to the third person, This third person can be specified with an extra noun in the ergative case immediately after the verb.
===== Potential Mood =====
===== Potential Mood =====


Line 218: Line 271:
===== Presumptive Mood =====
===== Presumptive Mood =====


Uses the consonant "ϩ". Represents an hypothesis or a supposition being presented by the speaker.
Uses the consonant "ϩ/sj". Represents an hypothesis or a supposition being presented by the speaker.
===== Optative Mood =====
===== Optative Mood =====


Line 224: Line 277:
===== Epistemic Mood =====
===== Epistemic Mood =====


Uses the consonant "v". Represents a belief or opinion of the speaker.
Uses the consonant "v/w". Represents a belief or opinion of the speaker.
==== Voice (vowel) ====
==== Voice (vowel) ====


Line 233: Line 286:
===== Antipassive Voice =====
===== Antipassive Voice =====


Uses the vowel "ε". In this voice the object is not present, and the verb is treated as intransitive.
Uses the vowel "ε/ea". In this voice the object is not present, and the verb is treated as intransitive.
===== Impersonal Voice =====
===== Impersonal Voice =====


Uses the vowel "ϰ". In this voice the subject is not present.
Uses the vowel "ϰ/oc". In this voice the subject is not present.
==== Aspect (final) ====
==== Aspect (final) ====


Line 251: Line 304:
===== Habitual Aspect =====
===== Habitual Aspect =====


Uses the final "-κκ". Indicates that the event is done regularly as a routine, habit or tradition.
Uses the final "-κκ/-kh". Indicates that the event is done regularly as a routine, habit or tradition.
===== Stative Aspect =====
===== Stative Aspect =====


Line 257: Line 310:
===== Iterative Aspect =====
===== Iterative Aspect =====


Uses the final "-τγ". Indicates an event that is being done again or multiple times in a row.
Uses the final "-τγ/-th". Indicates an event that is being done again or multiple times in a row.


===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
Line 274: Line 327:
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Ergative-absolutive languages]]

Revision as of 20:48, 28 March 2025

cmanc
ϕmanϕ
Pronunciation: /ɑ.'ma.nɑ/
Spoken in: Anywhere
Region: Anyplace
Total speakers: None
Ranking: Dead last
Language family: Language isolate
Writing system: cmanc script
Official status
Official language in: No official status
Regulated by: unregulated
Language codes
ISO 639-1
ISO 639-2
SIL
See also: LanguageLists of languages


Everyone should learn this lang :D

More info on: https://howlingwolfriend.neocities.org/lang

Phonology

Vowels
Vowels Front Central Back
Close
/i/
/y/
/ɯ/
/u/
Close-Mid
/e/
/o/
Mid
/ə/
Open-Mid
/ɛ/
/ɔ/
Open
/a/
/ɑ/
Consonants
Consonants Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal
/m/
/n/
/ɲ/
Plosive
/b/
/t/
/d/
/k/
/g/
Fricative
/f/
/s/
/z/
/ʃ/
/h/
Affricate
/tʃ/
/dʒ/
Approximant
/j/
/w/
Lateral Approximant
/l/

Orthography

Consonants
Character Romanization Sound
ρ
b
/b/
τ
t
/t/
ϧ
d
/d/
κ
k
/k/
g
/g/
n
n
/n/
nj
/ɲ/
m
m
/m/
τγ
tjc
/t͡ʃ/
ϧγ
dj
/d͡ʒ/
ϝ
f
/f/
s
s
/s/
ϱ
z
/z/
ϩ
sj
/ʃ/
ϥ
h
/h/
y
j
/j/
v
w
/w/
ι
l
/l/
Vowels
Character Romanization Sound
ı
i
/i/
η
ie
/y/
μ
uo
/ɯ/
u
u
/u/
e
e
/e/
o
o
/o/
ω
x
/ə/
ε
ea
/ɛ/
ϰ
oc
/ɔ/
a
a
/a/
ϕ
c
/ɑ/
Finals
Character Romanization Sound Note
-e
-e
/j/
except i/ı and ie/η
ei
/ej/
-o
-o
/w/
except u and uo/μ
ou
ou
/ow/
-κκ
-kh
/k/
-n
-n
/n/
-m
-m
/m/
-τγ
-th
/t͡ʃ/
-ϧγ
-dh
/d͡ʒ/
-f
/f/
-s
-s
/s/
-z
/z/
-sh
/ʃ/
-h
/h/

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Nouns

Every noun needs to follow and be contained within one of the categories below, determined by the vowel of the last syllable.

Classes

  • Objects, Elements: -u
  • Instruments, Vehicles: -μ
  • Fluids: -o
  • Natural Phenomena: -ϰ
  • Life, Living beings: -a
  • Social, Dialogue: -ϕ
  • Time: -ω
  • Abstract, Ideas: -ı
  • Collectives, Plurals: -e
  • Parts, Components: -ε

Cases

Additionally, any noun can be inflected in case by using a specific final character at the last syllable of the noun.

Noun Cases
Case Final Indicates
Absolutive Case
none
Intransitive Subject
Transitive Object
Ditransitive Indirect Object
Ergative Case
-s
Transitive Subject
Dative Case
Ditransitive Direct Object
Genitive Case
Inalienable Possessor
Possessive Case
-m
Alienable Possessor
Originative Case
-τγ
Origin
Material
Lative Case
-ϧγ
Direction Target
Motion Target
Comitative Case
-o
Company
Assistance
Evidential Case
Witness
Locative Case
-n
Location

Adjectives

Adjectives have the last syllable with "η/ie" as the vowel. Adjectives also have cases, which is represented by the final used at the last syllable.

Adjective Cases
Case Final Indicates
Prepositive Case
none
Modifies the Proceding Noun
Postpositive Case
-s
Modifies the Preceding Noun
Adverbial Case
-τγ
Adverbs
Subjective Case
-m
Opinions
Superlative Case
-ϧγ
Comparisons with 3+ Entities
Comparative Case
Comparisons with 2 Entities

Verbs

The base form of verbs have a final "-κκ/-kh". Conjugation is done by adding an extra syllable at the end, each part of the extra syllable acts as an unique modifier to the verb.

Forms

Verbal forms don't accept other modifiers and are used standalone.

Infinitive Form

The base form of the verb (ends in "-κκ/-kh"). Acts as a noun that represents the action being done.

Participle Form

Terminates in "-κκnη/-khnie". Acts as an adjective that means "one that/which <verb>", it is equivalent to the Habitual Aspect, but without needing a relative particle.

Agentive Form

Terminates in "-κκmμ/-khmuo". Acts as a noun that represents one that performs the verb, equivalent to the -er termination in English.

Moods (consonant)

Verbal moods are represented by the consonant of the modifier syllable after "-κκ/-kh".

Indicative Mood

Uses the consonant "n". Represents an action that happens in reality.

Inferential Mood

Uses the consonant "ϝ/f". Represents an action that was not witnessed and/or is uncertain.

Imperative Mood

Uses the consonant "ϧγ/dj". Represents a request done directly to the second person, the subject is optional when using this verbal mood.

Jussive Mood

Uses the consonant "ϧ/d". Represents a request, suggestion or advice done to the third person, This third person can be specified with an extra noun in the ergative case immediately after the verb.

Potential Mood

Uses the consonant "m". Represents an event that is likely in the opinion of the speaker.

Presumptive Mood

Uses the consonant "ϩ/sj". Represents an hypothesis or a supposition being presented by the speaker.

Optative Mood

Uses the consonant "y". Represents a wish or desire of the speaker.

Epistemic Mood

Uses the consonant "v/w". Represents a belief or opinion of the speaker.

Voice (vowel)

Verbal voice is represented by the vowel of the modifier syllable.

Active Voice

Uses the vowel "a". In this voice there is the presence of the subject and the object.

Antipassive Voice

Uses the vowel "ε/ea". In this voice the object is not present, and the verb is treated as intransitive.

Impersonal Voice

Uses the vowel "ϰ/oc". In this voice the subject is not present.

Aspect (final)

Verbal aspect is represented by the final of the modifier syllable.

Continuous Aspect

Used by not having any finals on the modifier syllable. Indicates that the event is ongoing at some point in time.

Perfective Aspect

Uses the final "-e". Indicates that the event has finished at some point in time.

Momentane Aspect

Uses the final "-s". Similar to the perfective aspect, but the event has only happened once.

Habitual Aspect

Uses the final "-κκ/-kh". Indicates that the event is done regularly as a routine, habit or tradition.

Stative Aspect

Uses the final "-o". Indicates an affirmation that is true permanently or for a long time without changing.

Iterative Aspect

Uses the final "-τγ/-th". Indicates an event that is being done again or multiple times in a row.

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources