Nawuhu: Difference between revisions
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| imagecaption = Flag of the Wuhu Autonomous Zone | | imagecaption = Flag of the Wuhu Autonomous Zone | ||
| nativename = na’a wúhu | | nativename = na’a wúhu | ||
| pronunciation = | | pronunciation = na.a ˈwu.ɦu | ||
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Nawuhu | | pronunciation_key = IPA for Nawuhu | ||
| creator = User:Jukethatbox | | creator = User:Jukethatbox | ||
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| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Nawuhu''' (''na’a wúhu'', [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ | '''Nawuhu''' (''na’a wúhu'', [[IPA for Nawuhu|[na.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''', '''Nauhu''' or '''Naufu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island (''akka wúhu'' or ''Akka’a'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka.a]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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Indeed, the system itself was built quickly out of necessity by Mark Mii as a way to transliterate ancient Nawuhu writing, and he himself admitted he did not take verbal transcription into account when making the system. Nevertheless, it was the first serious attempt of its time, and thus it was rapidly adopted by most of the Wuhu Island archaeologist community, many members of which were personal friends or acquaintances of Mark Mii himself. | Indeed, the system itself was built quickly out of necessity by Mark Mii as a way to transliterate ancient Nawuhu writing, and he himself admitted he did not take verbal transcription into account when making the system. Nevertheless, it was the first serious attempt of its time, and thus it was rapidly adopted by most of the Wuhu Island archaeologist community, many members of which were personal friends or acquaintances of Mark Mii himself. | ||
Since its establishment as the official romanisation of Nawuhu, some other systems have tried to replace the Mark Mii system. One strong competitor is the '' | Since its establishment as the official romanisation of Nawuhu, some other systems have tried to replace the Mark Mii system. One strong competitor is the ''Apakeaka'' system. This system, created by an actual native Nawuhu speaker, is quite different from the Mark Mii system; for example, /ɕ ʑ/ are written ⟨sh zh⟩, /ʉ/ is written ⟨ü⟩ and the identical vocalic syllable separation is marked with a [[w:Diaeresis|diaeresis]] on the second vowel with stress generally not being marked unless contrastive , so ''na'a wúhu'' becomes ''naä wuhu''. This system is mostly used by Nawuhu native political exiles, with its creator also being a political exile currently residing in Hawaii due to his opposition towards the Almondrian regime. Thus, this romanisation system is not used officially on the island, though it still appears overseas in research papers of the island. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
! | ! !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Plosive | ||
| p b || t d || || k g || | | p b || t d || || k g || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Nasal | ||
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ || | | m || n || ɲ || ŋ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Fricative | ||
| || s z || ɕ ʑ || || h (ɦ) | | || s z || ɕ ʑ || || h (ɦ) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Semivowel | ||
| || || j || w || | | || || j || w || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Lateral | ||
| || l || ʎ || || | | || l || ʎ || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
/ɦ/ is an allophone of /h/ pronounced in intervocalic positions (between vowels), hence the /ɦ/ in ''[[Contionary:wúhu|wú'''h'''u]]''. However, when a /h/ is stressed, even in intervocalic positions, it is always pronounced /h/, hence the /h/ in ''[[Contionary:puhúno|pu'''h'''úno]]''. | /ɦ/ is an allophone of /h/ pronounced in intervocalic positions (between vowels), hence the /ɦ/ in ''[[Contionary:wúhu|wú'''h'''u]]''. However, when a /h/ is stressed, even in intervocalic positions, it is always pronounced /h/, hence the /h/ in ''[[Contionary:puhúno|pu'''h'''úno]]''. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
The word for "no" in Nawuhu is '' | The word for "no" in Nawuhu is ''nvki'' formally or ''ago'' informally. When negating a verb, ''-ago'' is added at the end of the word. Thus, "I don't do that" would be ''ja nis kubuago'', or simply ''nis kubuago''. The negative copula is also simply ''ago''. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
===Swadesh list=== | |||
===Conversation=== | ===Conversation=== | ||
{| class=wikitable | {| class=wikitable | ||
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| Yes || ''Pi'' || [pi] | | Yes || ''Pi'' || [pi] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| No || ''Nvki'' || [ˈnʉki] | | No || ''Nvki'', ''Ago'' || [ˈnʉki], [ago] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Of course! || ''Tiéma!'' || [tiˈema] | | Of course! || ''Tiéma!'' || [tiˈema] | ||
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| Good evening! || ''Pi tupi'iyáki!''<ref>This greeting is rarely used; one would typically use ''Pi tupi!'' instead.</ref> || [pi tupi.iˈjaki] | | Good evening! || ''Pi tupi'iyáki!''<ref>This greeting is rarely used; one would typically use ''Pi tupi!'' instead.</ref> || [pi tupi.iˈjaki] | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Dialects== | ==Dialects== | ||
===Historical=== | ===Historical=== | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references /> | |||
[[Category:Nawuhu]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori]] | [[Category:Nawuhu]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori]] | ||