870
edits
User:Ceige/Voloshky: Difference between revisions
→Sound changes of import: Added up to Progressive Palatalisation but not done yet, saving before I get ahead of myself
(→Sound changes of import: Added up to Progressive Palatalisation but not done yet, saving before I get ahead of myself) |
|||
| Line 32: | Line 32: | ||
== Sound changes of import == | == Sound changes of import == | ||
From the Wikipedia page [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic History of Proto-Slavic] are the following important developments (note pretty much everything here paraphrases the linked article sections): | |||
* '''Changes in syllable structure''' | |||
:* ''Tendency for rising sonority in a syllable'' | |||
:* ''Law of Open Syllables'' - examples given include *kun-je-mou > ku-nje-mou and *vuz-dā-tēi > vu-zdā-tēi (kъňemu and vъzdati). | |||
::* Suggested allowable initial clusters: nj, zd, stv; Illegal intial clusters: nt, rd, pn) | |||
::* Impossible to resyllabify, then final obstruents can be deleted (*supnos > sъnъ, sŭnŭ) | |||
::* Includes nazalisation, metathesis, etc. | |||
:* ''Syllable synharmony'' - includes palatalisation. | |||
* '''Nasalization''' | |||
:* Length distinction is lost before nasals and and nasal vowels start off elongated | |||
:* from Wikipedia: | |||
:: {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! Late PIE !! Early Proto-Slavic !! Proto-Slavic !! Common Slavic | |||
|- | |||
| *am, *an, *ām, *ān || colspan=2|*ą̄ || *ǫ | |||
|- | |||
| *em, *en, *ēm, *ēn || colspan=2|ę̄ || *ę | |||
|- | |||
| *im, *in, *īm, *īn || į̄ || ę̄ || *ę | |||
|- | |||
| *um, *un, *ūm, *ūn || colspan=2|*ų̄ || *y | |||
|- | |||
| *Jum, *Jun, *Jūm, *Jūn || *Jų̄ || *Jį̄ || *Ję̇ | |||
|} | |||
<!--::* *aN, *āN > ą̄ > '''ǫ''' (a/o are treated as "the back vowel") | |||
::* *eN, iN, ēN, īN > ę̄ > '''ę''' | |||
::* *uN, ūN > ų̄ > '''y''' | |||
::* *JuN, JūN > Jį̄ > '''Ję̇''' (J = iotised)--> | |||
::: Examples: *źambas > *zǫ̂bъ; *źénˀtas > *zę̀tъ; *deśimtas > *desętъ; *lúnˀka > *lỳko; *kanjun(s) > *koňę̇. | |||
:* Nasalisation before nasal consonant is possible but often results in denasalisation, cf. *inmen > *jĭmę (expected *jęmę; presumably denasalised while iN > į̄ and hadn't merged with ę̄ yet). | |||
* '''First regressive palatalization''' | |||
:* All velars palatalise to postalveolar values before front vowels (i/ī/e/ē and j) | |||
::* k > č; g > dž > ž; x > š; sk > šč; zg > ždž. | |||
::: Example: PGmc *helmaz > šelmъ. | |||
* '''Iotation''' | |||
:* Pervasive from end of first palatalisation to end of common period. | |||
:* Dentals are palatalised with *j | |||
::* tj > ť; dj > ď; stj > šť (> šč); zdj > žď (> ždž); sj > š; zj > ž; lj > ľ; nj > ň; rj > ř. | |||
::: ''On my keyboard all of these are typed with alt+v, the haček.'' | |||
:* Before existing first regressive palatals, the *j disappears into the consonant. čj > č. | |||
:* East and South Slavic labial consonants have ľ appear after them; West (and East South) Slavic either reverses this or simply never has lateralisation except in some cases. | |||
::* mj, bj, pj, vj > mľ, bľ, pľ, vľ | |||
::: Examples: zemja > zemľa, zemьja; pľьvàti in West Slavic but Lith. spjáuti. | |||
* '''Vowel fronting''' | |||
:* *J fronts following vowel '''back''' component | |||
::* Ja (Jo) > Je; Jā > Jē; Jū > Jī; Jai > Jei (> Jī); Jau > Jeu (> Jū); Jų̄ > Jį̄ (> Ję̇). | |||
::* Towards end of common Slavic period, *Jē reverted to *Jā. | |||
::* Vowel fronting blocked with the low-back nasal vowel ą/ǫ, thus znajǫ; ų still affected (see '''Nazalization'''). | |||
* '''Prothesis''' | |||
:* Prothetic glides inserted before i, u, and e at the start of words, just for fun. | |||
::* i, ī, e, ē > ji, jī (jь), je, jē | |||
::* u, ū > vu (vъ), vȳ (via wu and wū/wȳ). | |||
:* *a did not normally get prothetised, but *ā did get j- and to a lesser extent v- appended to it. There may have been two *ā's? | |||
* '''Monophthongization and other vowel changes''' | |||
:* | |||
::* ū > ȳ > y (u loses rounding after prothesis, see above!) | |||
::* au > ū (presumably ō (assuming that wasn't ā, in which case ō₂) > ū, mirroring Germanic?) | |||
::* eu > (j)ū (see ''Iotation'') | |||
::* ei > ī | |||
::* ai > ē (but ī in the 2ndp. imperative, 2s athematic verbs, dative singular of clitic personal pronouns) | |||
::* a > o | |||
* '''Second regressive palatalization''' | |||
:* New ē ([æ:?]) and ī vowels caused a new wave of palatalisation. | |||
::* ḱ, ǵ, x́ > c, dz (> z), ś (> s/š) (see '''Progressive palatalization''' for info on East/West split there). | |||
::: Example for "wolf": vьlkъ, vьlci, vьlcě, vьlcěxъ | |||
* '''Progressive palatalization''' | |||
:* Time unknown; happened when a preceding vowel, particularly i and ī (with or without n in between) was present. | |||
:* ''Probably'' disallowed before consonants and high back vowels. | |||
::* k > c; g > dz (> z in most dialects); x > ś > s/š. ''Very similar to second regressive palatalisation.'' | |||
::: Examples: *atikus > otьcь (father); PGmc *kuningaz > kъnędzь; *vixus (all) > vьšь (West), vьsь (E/S). | |||
:* May have occurred before first regressive palatalisation, thus the ḱ/ǵ/x́ notation, allowing for *otьče to arise instead of *otьce (Pedersen 1905, Channon 1972, Lunt 1981 - see Wikipedia article). | |||
:* Old Novgorod dialect ignores half of this anyway coz #yolo. | |||