Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions

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=====Imperfect=====
=====Imperfect=====
''totoren(is), totorer(is), totorem(is), totoresi(s), totore(s), totoremā(s), totorente(s), totoresce(s), totoreti(s)''
''totoren(is), totorer(is), totorem(is), totoresi(s), totore(s), totoremā(s), totorente(s), totoresce(s), totoret(is)''
Reduplication + present suffixes
Reduplication + present suffixes
=====Perfect=====
=====Perfect=====
Perfect stem + present suffixes? (most commonly ''STEM-īn-'')
Perfect stem + present suffixes? (most commonly ''STEM-īn-'')

Revision as of 21:56, 22 November 2016

Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon
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Tigol/Proto-Tigol
θensārimem
Pronunciation[/θensaːrimem/]
Created byIlL
SettingHussmauch
Extinct220 v.T.
Quihum
  • Talmic
    • Thensaric
      • Tigol/Proto-Tigol
Language codes
ISO 639-3qth
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Tigol/Proto-Tigol is the the ancestor of all living Talmic languages. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.

Todo

Notes on notation

Glossary

  • ~: cognate to

Background

See also: Tigol/Proto-Tigol/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum.

Phonology

Consonants

Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 20 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives.

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Radical Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ n [ŋ]
Plosive voiceless (p /p/) t /t/ c /k/ ȝ /ʡ/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
Fricative voiceless f /φ/ θ /θ/ s /s/ ħ /ħ~ʜ/ h /h~ɦ/
voiced δ /ð/ z /z/ ȝ [ʕ~ʢ]
Trill r /r/
Approximant v /w~ʋ/ l /l/ j /j/


Notes
  • Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are unaspirated.
  • /r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠].
  • /l/ is mildly velarized dental [l̪ˠ].
  • /p/ is not a native phoneme, only occurring in Kagasa or Clofabic borrowings.

Conditioned allophony

Allophony in Tigol/Proto-Tigol is limited.

Phoneme Allophone Condition(s)
/n/ [ŋ] _C[+velar, +plosive]
[ɱ] _C[+labiodental]
C[+obstruent, ±voiced] C[+obstruent, ∓voiced] _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]

Vowels

Classical Tigol/Proto-Tigol has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic i/y which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae.

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i /i/ ī /iː/ y /ÿ/ ȳ /ÿː/ u /u/ ū /uː/
Mid e /e/ ē /eː/ o /o/ ō /oː/
Open a /a/ ā /aː/

Diphthongs: ae ao ui

Notes
  • /ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].
  • /e eː o oː/ are mid vowels.

Suprasegmentals

Phonotactics

Phonological diachronics

Simple consonant correspondences

PTal *m *p *b *n *t *d *s *z *r *l *j *k *g *x *kʷ *gʷ *xʷ *w *q *h
Thm. m p b f n t d s z, -r- r θ θ δ l j c g χ c v f v ʒ ħ γ 0- h-

Consonant clusters

  • tp, tb, tk, tg > rp, rb, rc, rg?

Vowel reflexes

Usually:

  • *a > o
  • *ə > e
  • *i > i
  • *u > u (or o if *a should > a)
  • *ay > ȳ
  • *əy > ae
  • *uy > ui
  • *iy, iʔ, ix > ī
  • *aw > ao
  • *əw >
  • *iw >
  • *uw > ū
  • *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca
  • *Cxʷ > Co
  • *Cx > Cy
  • *əx, ix̌ > ē
    • or *ix̌ > iā/ia/ea?
  • *ux̌, x̌u > ō for sure
  • *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > ao?
  • *ix̌ʷ > ?
  • *ux̌ʷ > ō?
  • *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ >
  • *iy(ə)x >

Orthography

Tigol/Proto-Tigol runic script.

The standardized Tigol/Proto-Tigol alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.

The alphabetical order is as follows:

  1. R:
  2. D:
  3. Z:
  4. I:
  5. A:
  6. Ħ:
  7. F:
  8. M:
  9. L:
  10. G:
  11. C:
  12. H:
  13. B:
  14. S:
  15. V:
  16. O:
  17. J:
  18. Ȝ:
  19. Δ:
  20. Y:
  21. T:
  22. N:
  23. Θ:
  24. P:
  25. E:
  26. U:

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Masculine nouns

θȳrom 'bird'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite θȳrom θoθȳrom θȳrīs
Definite θȳrae θoθȳrae θȳrinny

Feminine nouns

gondā 'body'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite gondā gogondā gondār
Definite gondām gogondām gondāsa

Neuter nouns

tectȳ 'child'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite tecty tetecty tectȳn
Definite tectys tetectys tectȳr

Mass nouns

jenā 'water' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Indefinite jenā jenenā
Definite jenaȝes jenenaȝes

Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Tigol/Proto-Tigol grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

  1. switch-reference marker
  2. applicative or derivational prefixes
  3. object prefix
  4. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
  5. STEM
  6. voice suffix
  7. TAM + subject
  8. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

Object markers

  • 1sg: ni-
  • 2sg: ri-
  • 3sg: bi-
  • 1pl.ex: mē-
  • 1pl.ex: dē-
  • 2pl: sē-
  • 3pl: nē-

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.

  • Consonant stems: (-y-)
  • Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?

The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:

  • cafsynis = I eat
  • tir cafsyn = I do not eat
Present

toren = 'I flourish'

toren(is), torer(is), torem(is), toresi(s), tore(s), toremā(s), torente(s), toresce(s), toret(is)

  • 1sg -n(is)
  • 2sg -r(is)
  • 3sg.m -m(is)
  • 3sg.f -si(s)
  • 3sg.n -((i)s)?
  • 1ex -mā(s)
  • 1in -nte(s)
  • 2pl -sce(s)
  • 3pl -t(is)
Imperfect

totoren(is), totorer(is), totorem(is), totoresi(s), totore(s), totoremā(s), totorente(s), totoresce(s), totoret(is) Reduplication + present suffixes

Perfect

Perfect stem + present suffixes? (most commonly STEM-īn-)

Preterite

torenne(s), torerȳ(s), toresmi(s), toressi(s), toreso(s), toremer(is), toreter(is), torescer(is), torester(is)

  • 1sg: -nne(s)
  • 2sg: -rȳ(s)
  • 3sg.m: -smi(s)
  • 3pl.f: -ssi(s)
  • 3sg.n: -so(s)
  • 1ex: -mer(is)
  • 1in: -ter(is)
  • 3pl: -scer(is)
  • 3pl: -ster(is)
Future

toretēn(is), toretēr(is), toretēm(is), toretēsi(s), toretē(s), toretēmā(s), toretēnt(is), toretēsce(s), toretēt(is)

  • 1sg -tēn(is)
  • 2sg -tēr(is)
  • 3sg.m -tēm(is)
  • 3sg.f -tēsi(s)
  • 3sg.n -tē(s)?
  • 1ex -tēmā(s)
  • 1in -tēnt(is)
  • 2pl -tēsce(s)
  • 3pl -tēt(is)
Subjunctive

torenae(s), torerae(s), toremior(is), toresior(is), torior(is), toremae(s), torentae(s), torescae(s), toretior(is)

  • 1sg: -nae(s)
  • 2sg: -rae(s)
  • 3sg.m: -mior(is)
  • 3sg.f: -sior(is)
  • 3sg.n: -ior(is)
  • 1ex: -mae(s)
  • 1in: -ntae(s)
  • 2pl: -scae(s)
  • 3pl: -tior(is)
Optative
  • 1sg -von(is)?
  • 2sg -vor(is)
  • 3sg.m -vom(is)
  • 3sg.f -vosi(s)
  • 3sg.n -vo((i)s)
  • 1ex -vomā(s)
  • 1in -vunt(is)
  • 2pl -vosce(s)
  • 3pl -vot(is)
Imperative

tores!/ham tore!, torentēs!/ham torentē!, torescēs!/ham torescē!

  • 2sg: -e(s)/-(is)
  • 1pl.in: -ntē(s)
  • 2pl: -scē(s)

Derivational morphology

  • ber- = nominalizer
  • ēs- = co-, together
  • -ro- = passive marker
  • -t- = a causative marker

Numbers

  • 1: cēmom
  • 2: tiθōr
  • 3: narge
  • 4: δaobe
  • 5: salithe
  • 6: stāmom
  • 7: rōde
  • 8: lorede
  • 9: barve
  • 10: ħiōr
  • 11: jācēmom
  • 12: naesā

Syntax

Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses