Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions

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Potentially every Chlouvānem verb, no matter if exterior or interior, has a '''causative''' conjugation which is considered an inflection and not a derivation, even if the meanings may vary: ''mišake'' is an extreme example as each form has a different meaning (with particularly interior forms having many meanings) - non-causative exterior ''mešu'' "I am seen", interior ''mešaleah'' "I know; I see myself"; and causative exterior ''maišaxhā'' "I am shown", interior ''maišalxheah'' "I learn; I show myself <small>(trans.)</small>".

Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for ~~five~~ '''voices''', each one putting one of five different core elements as the ''direct-case argument'', usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they reflect the Austronesian-type morphosyntactical alignment of the language. The five voices are, for exterior verbs:

Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for seven '''voices''', each one putting one of five different core elements as the ''direct-case argument'', usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they reflect the Austronesian-type morphosyntactical alignment of the language. The five voices are, for exterior verbs:

* '''patient-trigger '''or ''patientive ''(unmarked);

* '''agent-trigger '''or ''agentive'';

* '''agent-trigger '''or ''agentive'' (transitive and ditransitive verbs only);

* '''benefactive-trigger '''or simply ''benefactive'';

* '''antibenefactive-trigger '''or simply ''antibenefactive'';

* '''locative-trigger '''or simply ''locative''.

* '''locative-trigger '''or simply ''locative'';

Interior verbs only have ~~four~~ voices, as they do not have an agentive voice; the patientive, unmarked voice, is here called '''common voice'''.

* '''dative-trigger''' or simply ''dative'' (mostly ditransitive verbs);

~~There is also an ''instrumental'' form, but it is independent of voice despite having much in common with them~~.

* '''instrumental-trigger''' or simply ''instrumental'' (morphologically possible for all verbs, but not always meaningful).

Interior verbs only have six voices, as they do not have an agentive voice; the patientive, unmarked voice, is here called '''common voice'''.

Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for five different '''tense-aspect combinations''': three imperfective ones - '''present, imperfect''', and '''future''' - and two perfective ones - '''perfect''' and '''aorist'''; two other tenses are built periphrastically (''pluperfect'' and ''future perfect''). Tenses are the “basic unit” verbs conjugate in: all tenses conjugate for nine persons (1st-2nd-3rd in singular, dual and plural; note though that 3rd singular and 3rd plural are identical in the perfect).<br />

~~Clitic~~ pronouns may be added to specify other arguments - e.g. ''mešėça'' "he sees" + ''-æl'' (clitic 1sg acc.) > ''mešėçæl'' "he sees me" - equivalent to ''læl mešėça''.

Some pronouns [[Chlouvānem#Personal pronouns|have a clitic form]] in accusative and ergative case which may be added to specify other arguments - e.g. ''mešėça'' "he sees" + ''-æl'' (clitic 1sg acc.) > ''mešėçæl'' "he sees me" - equivalent to ''læl mešėça''.

However, the most complex part of Laceyiami verbs is the '''mood'''. Chlouvānem is particularly mood-heavy and its concept of mood is quite broad, conjugating verbs in what are called '''primary moods '''and '''secondary moods'''; a single verb form may have a single primary mood but up to two secondary moods.

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 Potentially every Chlouvānem verb, no matter if exterior or interior, has a '''causative''' conjugation which is considered an inflection and not a derivation, even if the meanings may vary: ''mišake'' is an extreme example as each form has a different meaning (with particularly interior forms having many meanings) - non-causative exterior ''mešu'' "I am seen", interior ''mešaleah'' "I know; I see myself"; and causative exterior ''maišaxhā'' "I am shown", interior ''maišalxheah'' "I learn; I show myself <small>(trans.)</small>".
-Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for five '''voices''', each one putting one of five different core elements as the ''direct-case argument'', usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they reflect the Austronesian-type morphosyntactical alignment of the language. The five voices are, for exterior verbs:
+Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for seven '''voices''', each one putting one of five different core elements as the ''direct-case argument'', usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they reflect the Austronesian-type morphosyntactical alignment of the language. The five voices are, for exterior verbs:
 * '''patient-trigger '''or ''patientive ''(unmarked);
-* '''agent-trigger '''or ''agentive'';
+* '''agent-trigger '''or ''agentive'' (transitive and ditransitive verbs only);
 * '''benefactive-trigger '''or simply ''benefactive'';
 * '''antibenefactive-trigger '''or simply ''antibenefactive'';
-* '''locative-trigger '''or simply ''locative''.
+* '''locative-trigger '''or simply ''locative'';
-Interior verbs only have four voices, as they do not have an agentive voice; the patientive, unmarked voice, is here called '''common voice'''.
+* '''dative-trigger''' or simply ''dative'' (mostly ditransitive verbs);
-There is also an ''instrumental'' form, but it is independent of voice despite having much in common with them.
+* '''instrumental-trigger''' or simply ''instrumental'' (morphologically possible for all verbs, but not always meaningful).
+Interior verbs only have six voices, as they do not have an agentive voice; the patientive, unmarked voice, is here called '''common voice'''.
 Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for five different '''tense-aspect combinations''': three imperfective ones - '''present, imperfect''', and '''future''' - and two perfective ones - '''perfect''' and '''aorist'''; two other tenses are built periphrastically (''pluperfect'' and ''future perfect''). Tenses are the “basic unit” verbs conjugate in: all tenses conjugate for nine persons (1st-2nd-3rd in singular, dual and plural; note though that 3rd singular and 3rd plural are identical in the perfect).<br />
-Clitic pronouns may be added to specify other arguments - e.g. ''mešėça'' "he sees" + ''-æl'' (clitic 1sg acc.) > ''mešėçæl'' "he sees me" - equivalent to ''læl mešėça''.
+Some pronouns [[Chlouvānem#Personal pronouns|have a clitic form]] in accusative and ergative case which may be added to specify other arguments - e.g. ''mešėça'' "he sees" + ''-æl'' (clitic 1sg acc.) > ''mešėçæl'' "he sees me" - equivalent to ''læl mešėça''.
 However, the most complex part of Laceyiami verbs is the '''mood'''. Chlouvānem is particularly mood-heavy and its concept of mood is quite broad, conjugating verbs in what are called '''primary moods '''and '''secondary moods'''; a single verb form may have a single primary mood but up to two secondary moods.