Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions

Line 1,557:

* ''yųl-'' (to eat) → ''nareyųl-'' (to have a meal with someone, to go eating with someone)

* ''ta-flun-'' (to arrive on foot) → ''nartaflun-'' (to reach a place on foot)

====Adjectives====

Adjectives are formed from either nouns or verbs by using the following suffixes: All terms are given here in citation form (dragon singular)

'''-ūkas''' is the most common adjective-forming suffix, denoting something strictly related to an object or a verb. Often they are interchangeable with the genitive form of the noun they derived from:

* ''avyāṣa'' (time) → ''avyāṣūkas'' (temporal)

* ''chlærūm'' (light) → ''chlærūkas'' (of the light)

* ''daša'' (rain) → ''dašūkas'' (rainy, concerning rain)

'''-ausis''' (rarely '''-usis''') forms adjectives related to a quality that is applied to some object, but more abstractly related than those formed with ''-ūkas-''; sometimes they are only figurative:

* ''chlærūm'' (light) → ''chlærausis'' (easy)

* ''pāṇi'' (side) → ''pāṇyausis'' (peripheral, less important)

* ''namęlь'' (to make an effort, to apply oneself, to work harder) → ''namęliausis'' (Stakhanovite)

'''-niltas''' translates English ''-able'', and the circumfix '''uṣ- -niltas''' translates to "un- -able" or, sometimes, "difficult to X". The rare '''ñæi- -niltas''' translates as "easy to X".<br/>The ''uṣ-'' prefix has the allomorphs ''ur-'' (before voiced stops), ''uš-'' (before ''c'' and ''ch''), and ''u-'' (before ''l''); ''uṣ-'' plus any sibilant becomes ''ukṣ-''.

* ''tṛl'' (to know, understand) → ''tṛlniltas'' (understandable) → ''uṣṭṛlniltas'' (uncomprehensible; difficult to understand) / ''ñæitṛlniltas'' (easy to understand)

* ''yųl'' (to eat) → ''yųlniltas'' (edible) → ''uṣyųlniltas'' (unedible)

* ''lgut'' (to buy) → ''lgutniltas'' (buyable) → ''ulgutniltas'' (not buyable)

The suffixes '''-apus'''/'''-epus''' or '''-ækṣasis'''/'''-īkṣasis''' are sometimes considered, as far as the grammar of everyday Chlouvānem is concerned, ways to derive adjectives from other adjectives. [[Chlouvānem#Comparatives_and_superlatives|As seen in the section about adjectives,]] these are actually the endings of synthetic comparatives and superlatives, which are obsolete in modern Chlouvānem except from the most formal registers.<br/>

Their classification as derivational suffixes is sometimes made starting from a few forms which have got an additional meaning (often with notable semantic shifts, and usually starting from a single use later generalized) apart from the "more/most X", and they're nowadays used with that meaning (with the comparative being made analytically with ''nanū'').

* ''kāmilas'' (blue) → ''kāmilapus'' (healthy) ("blue" is used also in the sense of English "green" as "environmental-friendly"; the semantic shift here has its origin in place descriptions, with "bluer" places being less urbanized and less polluted ones; later the "healthy" meaning was generalized)

* ''tāmirūkas'' (rocky) → ''tāmirūkapus'' (difficult)

* ''huliāyausis'' (glowing in the dark; visible as the moon) → ''huliāyausīkṣasis'' (recognizable, easy to recognize)

====Compounding====

@@ Line 1,557: / Line 1,557: @@
 * ''yųl-'' (to eat) → ''nareyųl-'' (to have a meal with someone, to go eating with someone)
 * ''ta-flun-'' (to arrive on foot) → ''nartaflun-'' (to reach a place on foot)
+====Adjectives====
+Adjectives are formed from either nouns or verbs by using the following suffixes: All terms are given here in citation form (dragon singular)
+'''-ūkas''' is the most common adjective-forming suffix, denoting something strictly related to an object or a verb. Often they are interchangeable with the genitive form of the noun they derived from:
+* ''avyāṣa'' (time) → ''avyāṣūkas'' (temporal)
+* ''chlærūm'' (light) → ''chlærūkas'' (of the light)
+* ''daša'' (rain) → ''dašūkas'' (rainy, concerning rain)
+'''-ausis''' (rarely '''-usis''') forms adjectives related to a quality that is applied to some object, but more abstractly related than those formed with ''-ūkas-''; sometimes they are only figurative:
+* ''chlærūm'' (light) → ''chlærausis'' (easy)
+* ''pāṇi'' (side) → ''pāṇyausis'' (peripheral, less important)
+* ''namęlь'' (to make an effort, to apply oneself, to work harder) → ''namęliausis'' (Stakhanovite)
+'''-niltas''' translates English ''-able'', and the circumfix '''uṣ- -niltas''' translates to "un- -able" or, sometimes, "difficult to X". The rare '''ñæi- -niltas''' translates as "easy to X".<br/>The ''uṣ-'' prefix has the allomorphs ''ur-'' (before voiced stops), ''uš-'' (before ''c'' and ''ch''), and ''u-'' (before ''l''); ''uṣ-'' plus any sibilant becomes ''ukṣ-''.
+* ''tṛl'' (to know, understand) → ''tṛlniltas'' (understandable) → ''uṣṭṛlniltas'' (uncomprehensible; difficult to understand) / ''ñæitṛlniltas'' (easy to understand)
+* ''yųl'' (to eat) → ''yųlniltas'' (edible) → ''uṣyųlniltas'' (unedible)
+* ''lgut'' (to buy) → ''lgutniltas'' (buyable) → ''ulgutniltas'' (not buyable)
+The suffixes '''-apus'''/'''-epus''' or '''-ækṣasis'''/'''-īkṣasis''' are sometimes considered, as far as the grammar of everyday Chlouvānem is concerned, ways to derive adjectives from other adjectives. [[Chlouvānem#Comparatives_and_superlatives|As seen in the section about adjectives,]] these are actually the endings of synthetic comparatives and superlatives, which are obsolete in modern Chlouvānem except from the most formal registers.<br/>
+Their classification as derivational suffixes is sometimes made starting from a few forms which have got an additional meaning (often with notable semantic shifts, and usually starting from a single use later generalized) apart from the "more/most X", and they're nowadays used with that meaning (with the comparative being made analytically with ''nanū'').
+* ''kāmilas'' (blue) → ''kāmilapus'' (healthy) ("blue" is used also in the sense of English "green" as "environmental-friendly"; the semantic shift here has its origin in place descriptions, with "bluer" places being less urbanized and less polluted ones; later the "healthy" meaning was generalized)
+* ''tāmirūkas'' (rocky) → ''tāmirūkapus'' (difficult)
+* ''huliāyausis'' (glowing in the dark; visible as the moon) → ''huliāyausīkṣasis'' (recognizable, easy to recognize)
 ====Compounding====