Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions

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''Note:'' for simplicity, '''ь''' will be treated as a stand-alone consonant in all the following examples.

~~Among~~ ''stops'', '''c''' ~~changes to~~ '''k''' ~~before~~ '''t''' (~~e.g.~~ ''~~muc~~-~~tāma~~'' → ''~~muktāma~~'').

Saṃdhi assimilations are fairly straightforward, and usually it’s the second consonant in a row the one that matters. The most basic rules are:

* Nasals assimilate to the PoA of any following consonant except for '''y''' (no assimilation occurs) and '''s''' (all become '''ṃ''', phonetically realized as vowel nasalization).

* All stops assimilate in voicing to a following stop; if the first one is aspirated, then aspiration shifts to the second one. Dentals also assimilate to adjacent (preceding or following) retroflexes.

In stop saṃdhi, a few further changes apart from basic voicing and retroflex assimilation occur. Note that any such combination also applies to aspirated stops and, for dentals, palatalized ones; ç as a second member behaves like t. In voiceless stops:

-'''pṭ'''- → -'''fṭ'''- ; -'''pc'''- → -'''ṃc'''-

-'''tp'''- → -'''tt'''- ; -'''tc'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''tk'''- → -'''kt'''-

-'''çp'''- → -'''sp'''- ; -'''çṭ'''- → '''ṣṭ'''- ; -'''çc'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''çk'''- → -'''sk'''-

-'''ṭp'''- → -'''ṭṭ'''- ; -'''ṭc'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''ṭk'''- → -'''kṭ'''-

-'''cp'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''ct'''- → -'''kt'''- ; -'''cṭ'''- → -'''ṣṭ'''- ; -'''ck'''- → -'''šk'''-

-'''kp'''- → -'''pp'''- ; -'''kc'''- → -'''cc'''-

Doubled stops and the combinations -'''pt'''-, -'''pk'''-, -'''çt'''-, -'''kt'''-, and -'''kṭ'''- remain unchanged.

Voiced stops mostly mirror voiceless assimilations (again, x behaves like d when second member; doubling saṃdhi already applied - all nasal + stop clusters are underlyingly a geminate stop):

-'''bḍ'''- → -'''ṇḍ'''- ; -'''bj'''- → -'''ṃj'''- ; -'''bg'''- → -'''lg'''-

-'''db'''- → -'''nd'''- ; -'''dj'''- → -'''ñj'''- ; -'''dg'''- → -'''gd'''-

-'''xb'''- → -'''nx'''- ; -'''xḍ'''- → -'''ṇḍ'''- ; -'''xj'''- → -'''ñj'''- ; -'''xg'''- → -'''lg'''-

-'''ḍb'''- → -'''ṇḍ'''- ; -'''ḍj'''- → -'''ñj'''- ; -'''ḍg'''- → -'''gḍ'''-

-'''j''' + any other stop → -'''jñ'''-

-'''gb'''- → -'''mb'''- ; -'''gj'''- → -'''ñj'''-

Doubled stops become a nasal+stop sequence; -'''bd'''-, -'''xd'''-, -'''gd'''-, and -'''gḍ'''- remain unchanged.

'''h''', wherever it is followed by a consonant (apart from '''ь'''), disappears, leaving its trace as breathy-voiced phonation on the preceding vowel (e.g. ''maih-leilė'' → ''mąileilė''). Vowels change as such:

@@ Line 124: / Line 124: @@
 ''Note:'' for simplicity, '''ь''' will be treated as a stand-alone consonant in all the following examples.
-Among ''stops'', '''c''' changes to '''k''' before '''t''' (e.g. ''muc-tāma'' → ''muktāma'').
+Saṃdhi assimilations are fairly straightforward, and usually it’s the second consonant in a row the one that matters. The most basic rules are:
+* Nasals assimilate to the PoA of any following consonant except for '''y''' (no assimilation occurs) and '''s''' (all become '''ṃ''', phonetically realized as vowel nasalization).
+* All stops assimilate in voicing to a following stop; if the first one is aspirated, then aspiration shifts to the second one. Dentals also assimilate to adjacent (preceding or following) retroflexes.
+In stop saṃdhi, a few further changes apart from basic voicing and retroflex assimilation occur. Note that any such combination also applies to aspirated stops and, for dentals, palatalized ones; ç as a second member behaves like t. In voiceless stops:
+-'''pṭ'''- → -'''fṭ'''- ; -'''pc'''- → -'''ṃc'''-
+-'''tp'''- → -'''tt'''- ; -'''tc'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''tk'''- → -'''kt'''-
+-'''çp'''- → -'''sp'''- ; -'''çṭ'''- → '''ṣṭ'''- ; -'''çc'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''çk'''- → -'''sk'''-
+-'''ṭp'''- → -'''ṭṭ'''- ; -'''ṭc'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''ṭk'''- → -'''kṭ'''-
+-'''cp'''- → -'''cc'''- ; -'''ct'''- → -'''kt'''- ; -'''cṭ'''- → -'''ṣṭ'''- ; -'''ck'''- → -'''šk'''-
+-'''kp'''- → -'''pp'''- ; -'''kc'''- → -'''cc'''-
+Doubled stops and the combinations -'''pt'''-, -'''pk'''-, -'''çt'''-, -'''kt'''-, and -'''kṭ'''- remain unchanged.
+Voiced stops mostly mirror voiceless assimilations (again, x behaves like d when second member; doubling saṃdhi already applied - all nasal + stop clusters are underlyingly a geminate stop):
+-'''bḍ'''- → -'''ṇḍ'''- ; -'''bj'''- → -'''ṃj'''- ; -'''bg'''- → -'''lg'''-
+-'''db'''- → -'''nd'''- ; -'''dj'''- → -'''ñj'''- ; -'''dg'''- → -'''gd'''-
+-'''xb'''- → -'''nx'''- ; -'''xḍ'''- → -'''ṇḍ'''- ; -'''xj'''- → -'''ñj'''- ; -'''xg'''- → -'''lg'''-
+-'''ḍb'''- → -'''ṇḍ'''- ; -'''ḍj'''- → -'''ñj'''- ; -'''ḍg'''- → -'''gḍ'''-
+-'''j''' + any other stop → -'''jñ'''-
+-'''gb'''- → -'''mb'''- ; -'''gj'''- → -'''ñj'''-
+Doubled stops become a nasal+stop sequence; -'''bd'''-, -'''xd'''-, -'''gd'''-, and -'''gḍ'''- remain unchanged.
 '''h''', wherever it is followed by a consonant (apart from '''ь'''), disappears, leaving its trace as breathy-voiced phonation on the preceding vowel (e.g. ''maih-leilė'' → ''mąileilė''). Vowels change as such: