Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions

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* '''s''' or '''š''' plus any voiced stop, or '''ṣ''' followed by any non-dental voiced stop, disappear but synchronically lengthen the previous vowel (e.g. ''kus-drāltake'' → ''kūdrāltake'').

* Dental stops followed by '''s''' become the corresponding affricate (e.g. ''prāt-skaglas'' → ''prāçkaglas''), while when followed by '''ṣ''' or '''š''' the result is a palatal affricate (e.g. ''prāt-ṣveya'' → ''prācveya'').

If the first sound which undergoes saṃdhi is already part of a cluster, a few more assimilations may occur. In a nasal-stop + stop sequence, usually the first stop gets cancelled, but nasals do not assimilate entirely to the stop:

* '''m''' becomes '''ṃ''';

* '''l'''in the clusters '''lk(h)''' or '''lg(h)''' does not assimilate; the spelling changes to '''ll''';

* '''n''' and '''ṇ''' become [ŋ], spelled '''ll''' (but '''l''' before velars);

* '''ñ''' does not assimilate at all.

Note that the combinations -'''mpt'''-, -'''mpk'''-, -'''nçt'''-, -'''lkt'''-, -'''lkṭ'''-, -'''mbd'''-, -'''nxd'''-, -'''lgd'''-, and -'''lgḍ'''- all remain unchanged; doubled stops are degeminated (like -''mpp''- > -''mp''-).

If the sound before the stop sequence is '''l''' or '''r''', nothing happens and assimilations are normal. If the sound is a sibilant (note that they cannot precede voiced stops), assimilations are normal except for any sibilant + -'''çp'''- which becomes -'''sp'''-; in the other clusters where the stop or affricate would become a sibilant (-''çṭ''-, -''çk''-, -''cṭ''-, and -''ck''-) the preceding vowel undergoes synchronic lengthening if possible.

More complex clusters are avoided by means of epenthetic vowels.

=====Doubling saṃdhi=====

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* ''-y y-'' → '''-jñ-'''

* ''-v v-'' → '''-gv-'''

* ''-r r-'' → '''-rl-'''

* any doubled voiced stop (also due to assimilation of other stops) → homorganic nasal + voiced stop (e.g. ''-b b-'' → ''-mb-'')

=====Epenthetic vowels=====

Epenthetic vowels are usually discussed together with saṃdhi. They are often used in verbal conjugations, as no Chlouvānem word may end in two consonants. The epenthetic vowel used depends on the preceding consonant:

* '''u''' is inserted after labials;

* '''e''' is used after retroflexes (except '''ṣ'''), '''r''', and '''h''';

* '''a''' is used after '''ʔ''';

* '''i''' is used after all other consonants

The only exception to this rule is root-final -mn (only appearing in the two roots ''pumn''- and ''yemn''-) where the '''n''' becomes '''a''' and no other epenthetic vowel is inserted.

==Writing system - Jīmalāṇa==

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 * '''s''' or '''š''' plus any voiced stop, or '''ṣ''' followed by any non-dental voiced stop, disappear but synchronically lengthen the previous vowel (e.g. ''kus-drāltake'' → ''kūdrāltake'').
 * Dental stops followed by '''s'''  become the corresponding affricate (e.g. ''prāt-skaglas'' → ''prāçkaglas''), while when followed by '''ṣ''' or '''š''' the result is a palatal affricate (e.g. ''prāt-ṣveya'' → ''prācveya'').
+If the first sound which undergoes saṃdhi is already part of a cluster, a few more assimilations may occur. In a nasal-stop + stop sequence, usually the first stop gets cancelled, but nasals do not assimilate entirely to the stop:
+* '''m''' becomes '''ṃ''';
+* '''l'''in the clusters '''lk(h)''' or '''lg(h)''' does not assimilate; the spelling changes to '''ll''';
+* '''n''' and '''ṇ''' become [ŋ], spelled '''ll''' (but '''l''' before velars);
+* '''ñ''' does not assimilate at all.
+Note that the combinations -'''mpt'''-, -'''mpk'''-, -'''nçt'''-, -'''lkt'''-, -'''lkṭ'''-, -'''mbd'''-, -'''nxd'''-, -'''lgd'''-, and -'''lgḍ'''- all remain unchanged; doubled stops are degeminated (like -''mpp''- > -''mp''-).
+If the sound before the stop sequence is '''l''' or '''r''', nothing happens and assimilations are normal. If the  sound is a sibilant (note that they cannot precede voiced stops), assimilations are normal except for any sibilant + -'''çp'''- which becomes -'''sp'''-; in the other clusters where the stop or affricate would become a sibilant (-''çṭ''-, -''çk''-, -''cṭ''-, and -''ck''-) the preceding vowel undergoes synchronic lengthening if possible.
+More complex clusters are avoided by means of epenthetic vowels.
 =====Doubling saṃdhi=====
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 * ''-y y-'' → '''-jñ-'''
 * ''-v v-'' → '''-gv-'''
+* ''-r r-'' → '''-rl-'''
 * any doubled voiced stop (also due to assimilation of other stops) → homorganic nasal + voiced stop (e.g. ''-b b-'' → ''-mb-'')
+=====Epenthetic vowels=====
+Epenthetic vowels are usually discussed together with saṃdhi. They are often used in verbal conjugations, as no Chlouvānem word may end in two consonants. The epenthetic vowel used depends on the preceding consonant:
+* '''u''' is inserted after labials;
+* '''e''' is used after retroflexes (except '''ṣ'''), '''r''', and '''h''';
+* '''a''' is used after '''ʔ''';
+* '''i''' is used after all other consonants
+The only exception to this rule is root-final -mn (only appearing in the two roots ''pumn''- and ''yemn''-) where the '''n''' becomes '''a''' and no other epenthetic vowel is inserted.
 ==Writing system - Jīmalāṇa==