Verse talk:Danterlokhan/Even when issues arise

Background

The National Simphonian is the official language of Stellean Republic of Simphonia. It is based on Northern Shifer Language, but for centuries has evolved to not resemble its original language. It is given the status of sole official language of High Commission of Simphonia, and is included as subject in schools up to secondary education, alongside a native language.

Consonant charts

Pulmonic consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Epiglottal	Glottal
Nasal	m	ɱ		n				ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	p b			t d					k g
Affricate					t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
Fricative		f v	θ	s z	ʃ ʒ								h
Approximant								j
Trill				r
Flap or tap				ɾ
Lateral fric.
Lateral app.				l
Lateral flap

Vowel chart

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i ɨ u e o ə ɛ ɔ æ a /div>
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

Phonotactics

While the original vocabulary of National Simphonian comes from Shifer, centuries of use allowed it to borrow words from other languages, thereby ensuring diverse forms of syllables.

Orthography

Аа

Бб

Вв

Гг

Dd

Ее

Ĕĕ

Жж

Ӡӡ

Θθ

Qq

Ии

Йй

DZʤ

Кк

Лл

a

b

v

g

d

e

yo

zh

z

th

h

i

y

j

k

l

Мм

Нн

Оо

Пп

Рр

Сс

Тт

Уу

Хх

Фф

Чч

Шʃ

Ыы

Яя

Ээ

Юю

m

n

o

p

r

s

t

u

kh

ph

ch

sh

y

ya

ye

yu

The table above shows the National Simphonian Alphabet together with the transliteration scheme commonly used. Up until now, there is no official romanization scheme set by the Simphonian Language Body. The letter /y/ is used to stand for both [ɨ] and [j]. In general, which is represented can easily be determined: 1. /y/ represents [ɨ] if it is between two consonants. If [ɨ] is preceded or followed by a vowel, a hyphen is used to separate it from the vowel. 2. /y/ represents [j] if it precedes or follows a vowel.

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are generally not declined, except for marking possession, which varies among dialects of National Simphonian.

Possession

Possession is indicated by the particle /du/, which is used to connect the possessor to the possessum. The possessum precedes /du/ and the possessor follows /du/.

Articles and Numbers

Nouns are not declined for number, so the noun forms are the same for both singular and plural number. However, there is a set of articles which are used to indicate number. These articles precede the noun. National Simphonian has a definite article /zom/. This does not only indicate definiteness but also the topic of the sentence. /zom/ has only standard form, but it is also common to see it declined according to number for certain dialects, so it is also used to indicate the number of the noun.

Case

Nouns are not declined by case. A set of particles is used instead to indicate case. See the syntax for more details.

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Long form	Short form	Value
gome гоме	me ме	1st person singular
baten батен	ba ба	2nd person singular
neiru неиру	ne не	3rd person general, inanimate
shashin ʃаʃин	she ʃе	3rd person animate
souka соука	ska ска	1st person singular and 2nd person singular
sono соно	no но	1st person plural inclusive
soltha соλθа	the θе	1st person plural exclusive
rove рове	ve ве	2nd person plural
ronche ронче	che че	3rd person plural

The short form is used as subject of intransitive verb and object of transitive verb. The particle /e/ is added to follow the short form to indicate the actor of transitive verb. It is also common to use the long form form as actor of transitive verb, but this is confined to dialects. The long form takes special uses, which shall be discussed in the sections below.

Demonstrative Pronouns

Long form	Short form	Value
kohyra коqыра	hra qра	proximal
musyra мусыра	sra сра	medial
dashyta dаʃыта	sta ста	distal

Demonstrative pronouns are also used to indicate 3rd, 4th, and 5th person in the discourse, thus replacing the 3rd person singular inanimate pronoun /ne/ in several cases.

Personal Pronouns

Long form	Short form	Value
miyan миян	myan мян	1st person singular
bayey баэй	bay бай	2nd person singular
neyey неэй	ney ней	3rd person general, inanimate
sheyey ʃеэй	shey ʃей	3rd person animate
skayey скаэй	skey скей	1st person singular and 2nd person singular
noyey ноэй	noy ной	1st person plural inclusive
theyey θеэй	they θей	1st person plural exclusive
veyey веэй	vey вей	2nd person plural
cheyey чеэй	chey чей	3rd person plural

Unlike in personal pronouns, the difference in usage of long and short forms are purely stylistic in nature; the standard use in literature is the long form; in poetry and music, it is common to repeatedly switch between long and short forms.

Adjectives

Adjectives are either in native form or derived. In the case of latter, the suffix /-la/ is used to derive an adjective from a noun. Adjectives either precede or follow the noun. If the adjective has /-la/ suffix, it must precede the noun; otherwise it must follow the noun.

Verbs

The verb generally takes this form:

root

/ra/

tense

transitivity

Verbs are either transitive (marked by /-o/)or intransitive (marked by /-a/). The tenses are perfect, aorist, present, future I and future II. Future I marks a future action that will happen regardless of the situation. Future II is used to mark a future action that the actor decided to do because of current situation.

Tense	English	National Simphonian
Perfect	I ate.	Yearada.
Aorist	I was eating.	Yearaga.
Present	I am eating.	Yearasa.
Future I	I will eat.	Yearala.
Future II	I will eat.	Yearaya.

Adverbs

Adverbs follow the verb and use the suffix /-lne/. The same marker is used in describing other aspect of verbs.

Particles

Affirmation and Negation: Yes is /jana/ while no is /nega/. They immediately follow the word they describe. In certain situations, they are used to replace other words that would usually be used instead.

Syntax

National Simphonian is an ergative-absolutive language.

Particles, Transitivity, Intransitivity

Intransitive verbs are marked with /a/ suffix. These verbs take only one subject, and there is no particle needed to mark the subject.

Эараса. Yearasa. I am eating.

Transitive verbs are marked with /o/. These verbs take an actor and object. The object is unmarked while the subject is followed by the particle /da/.

Кара dа эанqа эарасо. Kara da yeanha yearaso. 'Kara is eating food.