Hadda: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
'''All of this is subject to change''' | '''All of this is subject to change (and of this sentence)''' | ||
<!-- i.e. "all of this" is the subject of the sentence --> | |||
(Example verbs are ''gaa'wa'' "to throw", ''maara'' 'to lead", and ''ħaɗɗa'' "to be ħaɗɗa") | (Example verbs are ''gaa'wa'' "to throw", ''maara'' 'to lead", and ''ħaɗɗa'' "to be ħaɗɗa") | ||
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**Other: stem vowel becomes ''u'' - e.g. ''muura'' "lead (past)", ''ħuɗɗa'' "became hadda" | **Other: stem vowel becomes ''u'' - e.g. ''muura'' "lead (past)", ''ħuɗɗa'' "became hadda" | ||
*Past progressive: stem vowel becomes ''i'' (palatalizing initial velars) - e.g. ''jii'wa'' "was throwing", ''miira'' "was leading", ''ħiɗɗa'' "was hadda" | *Past progressive: stem vowel becomes ''i'' (palatalizing initial velars) - e.g. ''jii'wa'' "was throwing", ''miira'' "was leading", ''ħiɗɗa'' "was hadda" | ||
*Past habitual: like present habitual, but with stem vowel | *Past habitual: like present habitual, but with stem vowel changing to ''i'' - e.g. ''giɓɓa'' "used to throw", ''ħiɍiɗɗa'' "used to regularly become hadda" | ||
*Theoretically, a future habitual could be formed by combining the future with the present habitual - e.g. ''gwaɓɓa'' "will throw regularly", ''molla'' "will lead regularly", ''ħoɍoɗɗa'' "will regularly become hadda" | *Theoretically, a future habitual could be formed by combining the future with the present habitual - e.g. ''gwaɓɓa'' "will throw regularly", ''molla'' "will lead regularly", ''ħoɍoɗɗa'' "will regularly become hadda" | ||
Revision as of 01:45, 10 March 2017
Hadda (Native: ħaɗɗa) is an a priori language inspired by various African languages.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
IPA | Latin | Simplified Latin | Marasa | Arabic | Ge'ez | Hebrew | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | A a | A a | ـَ | አ | סַ | ||
aː | Aa aa | Aa aa | ـَا | ኣ | סַא | ||
b | B b | B b | ب | በ | ּב | ||
β̞ | Ƀ ƀ | B b | ب | ቨ | ב | allophone of /b/ between vowels | |
ɓ | Ɓ ɓ | B' b' | ڀ | ጰ | קּו | ||
c | C c | Ch ch | چ | ቸ | כ׳ | ||
d | D d | D d | د | ደ | ּד | ||
ð̞ | Đ đ | D d | ذ | ደ | ך | allophone of /d/ between vowels | |
ð | Dh dh | ዘ, ደ | ךֿ | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /d ~ ð̞/ | |||
ɗ | Ɗ ɗ | D' d' | ڟ | ጠ | טּ | ||
ɛ | E e | E e | ـٖ | ኤ | סֵ | ||
ɛː | Ee ee | Ee ee | ـٖي | סֵי | |||
f | F f | F f | ف | ፈ | פ | ||
g | G g | G g | ݣ | ገ | גּ | ||
ɣ̞ | Ǥ ǥ | G g | ڠ | ገ | ג | allophone of /g/ between vowels | |
ʁ | Ɣ ɣ | Gh gh | غ | ገ | גֿ | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /g ~ ɣ̞/ | |
ɠ | Ɠ ɠ | G' g' | ڨ | ቀ | קּ | ||
gʷ | Gw gw | Gw gw | ڭو | ጐ | גּו | ||
h | H h | H h | ھ | ኸ, ሀ | ה | allophone of /k/ between vowels in non-guttural environment; phonemic in loanwords (nativized as /ħ/ or /k ~ h/) | |
hʷ | Hw hw | Hw hw | هو | ዀ | הו | allophone of /kʷ/ between vowels in non-guttural environment | |
ħ | Ħ ħ | X x | ح | ሐ | ח | ||
χ | X x | Kh kh | خ | ኀ | כֿ | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /k ~ h/ or /ħ/ | |
i | I i | I i | ـِ | ኢ | סִ | ||
iː | Ii ii | Ii ii | ـِي | סִי | |||
ɟ | J j | J j | ج | ጀ | גּ׳ | ||
ʄ | Ɉ ɉ | J' j' | ݘ | ጨ | קּ׳ | ||
k | K k | K k | ک | ከ | כ | ||
kʷ | Kw kw | Kw kw | کو | ኰ | כו | ||
l | L l | L l | ل | ለ | ל | ||
m | M m | M m | م | መ | מ | ||
n | N n | N n | ن | ነ | נ | ֹ | |
ɲ | Ɲ ɲ | Ny ny | ݧ | ኘ | נ׳ | ||
ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ng ng | ݢ | ጘ | נ״ | ||
ŋʷ | Ŋw ŋw | Ngw ngw | ڬو | ⶓ | נ״ו | ||
ɔ | O o | O o | ـٗ | ኦ | סֹ | ||
ɔː | O o | O o | ـٗو | סוֹ | |||
p | P p | P p | پ | ፐ | פּ | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /f/ or /b/ | |
q | Q q | Q q | ق | ቀ | קּ | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /ɠ ~ ʔ/ or /k/ | |
ʔ | Ɂ ɂ | ' | ٯٔ ، ء | ቐ | ק | allophone of /ɠ/ between vowels | |
ʕ | Ҁ ҁ | C c | ع | ዐ | ע | ||
ɾ | R r | R r | ر | ረ | ר | allophone of /l/ between vowels; occurs phonemically in loanwords (nativized as /l ~ ɾ/) | |
rˀ | Ɍ ɍ | R' r' | ݬ | [ጠ] | ט | allophone of /ɗ/ between vowels | |
s | S s | S s | س | ሰ | ס | ||
ʃ | Σ ʃ | Sh sh | ش | ሸ | ש | ||
t | T t | T t | ت | ተ | ת | ||
θ | Ŧ ŧ | Th th | ث | ሠ | תֿ | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /t/ or /s/ | |
u | U u | U u | ـُ | ኡ | סֻ | ||
uː | Uu uu | Uu uu | ـُو | סוּ | |||
v | V v | V v | ۋ | ቨ | בֿ | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /b ~ β̞ /, /f/, or /w/ | |
w | W w | W w | و | ወ | ו | allophone of /gʷ/ between vowels; phonemic word-initially | |
ʔʷ | Ⱳ ⱳ | 'W 'w | ؤ | ቘ | קו | allophone of /ɓ/ between vowels | |
j | Y y | Y y | ي | የ | י | allophone of /ɟ/ between vowels; phonemic word-initially | |
ʔʲ | Ƴ ƴ | 'Y 'y | ئ | [ጨ] | ק׳ | allophone of /ʄ/ between vowels | |
z | Z z | Z z | ز | ዘ | ז | occurs in loanwords; nativized as /s/ or /d ~ ð̞/ | |
ʒ | ʒ | Zh zh | ژ | ዠ | ז׳ | occurs rarely in loanwords; nativized as /ɟ ~ j/ or /ʃ/ |
Consonants
Allophones and loanword-exclusive phonemes are enclosed in brackets.
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | |||||
Plosive | voiceless | (p) | t | c | k | kʷ | (q) | (ʔ) | ||
voiced | b | d | ɟ | g | gʷ | |||||
glottalized | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ɠ | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f | (θ) | s | (ʃ) | (hʷ) | (χ) | ħ | (h) | |
voiced | (v) | (ð) | (z) | (ʁ) | ʕ | |||||
Approximant | plain | (β̞) | (ð̞) | (ɾ) l | j | (ɣ̞) | w | |||
glottalized | (rˀ) | (ʔʲ) | (ʔʷ) |
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Verbs
All of this is subject to change (and of this sentence)
(Example verbs are gaa'wa "to throw", maara 'to lead", and ħaɗɗa "to be ħaɗɗa")
The infinitive in native verbs is of the form XCaaCa or XCaCCa, where X can be anything. Only the final portion (after X) changes. Therefore, "initial" consonant below refers to the initial consonant in the penultimate syllable.
Mood: affects final vowel.
- Indicative: -a
- Other moods: TBD
Tense + aspect: affects stem
- Future:
- Initial velar: change to labiovelar (/ɠ/ becomes /ɓ/) - e.g. gwaa'wa "will throw"
- Other: stem vowel becomes o - e.g. moora "will lead", ħoɗɗa "will be/become hadda"
- Present progressive: Identical to infinitive - e.g. gaa'wa "is throwing", maara "is leading", ħaɗɗa "is hadda"
- Present habitual:
- CaaCa verbs become CaCCa - e.g. gaɓɓa "throws", malla "leads"
- CaCCa verbs become CaCaCCa - e.g. ħaɍaɗɗa "regularly becomes hadda"
- Simple past:
- Initial velar: change to labiovelar + stem vowel becomes i - e.g. gwii'wa "threw"
- Other: stem vowel becomes u - e.g. muura "lead (past)", ħuɗɗa "became hadda"
- Past progressive: stem vowel becomes i (palatalizing initial velars) - e.g. jii'wa "was throwing", miira "was leading", ħiɗɗa "was hadda"
- Past habitual: like present habitual, but with stem vowel changing to i - e.g. giɓɓa "used to throw", ħiɍiɗɗa "used to regularly become hadda"
- Theoretically, a future habitual could be formed by combining the future with the present habitual - e.g. gwaɓɓa "will throw regularly", molla "will lead regularly", ħoɍoɗɗa "will regularly become hadda"
Originally, there were two tenses (past and non-past), each with three aspects (perfective, progressive/stative, and habitual). The future tense comes from the present perfective.
Secondary verbs can be derived from primary or other secondary verbs. For example:
- Intensive: Formed by reduplicating initial consonant and vowel - e.g. gaǥaa'wa "is throwing intensely"
- Iterative: Formed by reduplicating CVCa - e.g. ga'waǥaa'wa "is throwing repeatedly"