Glommish

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Glommish
þiúsьk
Pronunciation	[/ɬʲuːsʲk/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Lõis
Native to	Thiudland
Native speakers	90 million (2015)
Language family	Indo-European Germanic Þiúdic Old Þiúsьk Glommish

Glommish (þiúsьk /ɬʲuːsʲk/ or þe þiúsьke mál /ɬə ˈɬʲuːsʲkə maːɫ/; from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz) is a Germanic (more precisely, Þiúdic) language spoken in Lõis's Þiúdland (our Northern France and Western Germany). It has the most speakers of any Germanic language on Lõis. Glommish is intended to have a pseudo-Irish/Slavic aesthetic.

Todo

þí rýnie stamniung = 'just intonation'
þe vaż = 'incline'
þe siczel = 'sickle, crescent'
þí valnutie = 'walnut'
þí liúze = 'almond'
þí siczelnutie = 'cashew'
þí jarþenutie = 'peanut'
þí hazelnutie = 'hazelnut'
þí nutie = 'nut'
þe leómmizmór = 'national anthem'
þe mizmór (m) = 'anthem, hymn, psalm'
þe kázь = 'cheese'
þe hýl = 'well-being, health'
furьsanþ = (archaic) "forsooth"
þí orvýdie = work
þe fítlók ("whiteleek") = garlic
dód = dead
ik em sammále = I agree
Tróst anýrьst! = Safety first!
þe tróst = safety, security; tróstich = safe, secure; trósten = to save
anýrьst = first, at first, initially
gażen = again
þe atstand = state (that something is in)
þe dóþ = death
þe lív = life
þe líkám = body; (mathematics) field
þí burþie = birth
gemýnь = mean (adj.)
gemýnlik = shared, in common
awj > ój: strójen 'sow', fróje 'queen'
þe szczip = 'ship'
-skapie = '-ship'
þe fínd = 'enemy'
þe fríend = 'friend'
þí fríendskapie = 'friendship'
þe ízer = 'iron'
-í (stressed): Hebrew nisba adjectives (leumí = 'national'; yn leumíe fírdag 'a national holiday')
þe avsun = 'bastard son; son of a bitch'
þe friuþ = 'peace'
liúdie, liúdiem, liúdie = 'people'
þe andь = 'end'
þí ýre (f) = 'honor'
Ýrland = 'Ireland'
triú = 'loyal'
þí triúe = 'loyalty'
þanczen út, þachtie út, útþacht = 'make up'
þe vý = 'woe'
þí tale = 'number'
þí attale = 'number (as data point or statistical figure)'
þe mispár = 'number (as identifier)'
ferbióden, ferbód, ferbuden = forbid, prohibit
Þí útþanczing isь ferbuden in þier tidrószet! = 'Making things up (or: imagination) is not allowed in the academia!'
kniéfat, kniéfor, kniéfár, kniéfanь, kniéfí = 'something, someone, somewhere, sometime, somehow'
havien up = 'lift'
þe rivь = 'rib'
liáten tá = 'to allow'
þe vilie = 'will'
þí máþ = 'unmarried/virgin woman, maiden'
ferszúken = 'to market'
þí nódie = 'dire straits, poverty'
þe nódiefal = 'emergency'
þí aże = 'corner, vertex'
þe þríaż, þe fióraż, ... = 'triangle, quadrilateral, ...'
þí tídie = 'time'
þe gidán (< Heb. ngidån) = 'era/epoch'
þe járhunderþ = 'Lõisian century (120-year period)'
þe jártién = 'decade'
þe jár = 'year'
þe miáneþ = 'month'
þí vike = 'week'
þí stunde = 'hour'
þí tíme = 'minute'
þí szníe = 'second'
þí getídie = 'tide/one tidal cycle'
þe murgen = 'morning'
þe aftermiddag = 'afternoon'
þe jévenþ = 'evening'
þí nachtie = 'night'
þe tvíliócht = 'twilight'
þí járstídie = 'season'
þe lantь = 'spring'
þe sumer = 'summer'
þe harfьst = 'autumn'
þe vinter = 'winter'

Orthography

Cyrillization

Vowels in stressed syllables:

a á ia/ja iá/já e é ie/je ié/jé y ý i í o ó io/jo ió/jó u ú iu/ju iú/jú ъ ь = а а: я я: э э: е е: ы ы: и и: о о: ё ё: у у: ю ю: ъ ь

Unstressed e ie = э е

Consonants: m n p t c cz k b d ż g f s þ sz ch h v z l r -j = м н п т ц ч к б д ж г ф с ԕ ш х һ в з л р -й

Vowels after cz, ż, sz: cza cze czi czo czu = чя че чи чё чю

Ale mansьken sinь buren frí ok gelík an vurþie ok anriachtem. Sí sinь mid ferstande ok gevitene bieżávd ok þurven biedríven ýn gaszt niáfьste in ande bráþierhýder.

Алэ манськэн синь бурэн фри: ок гэли:к ан вурԕе ок анряхтэм. Си: синь мид фэрстандэ ок гэви:тэнэ бежа:вд ок ԕурвэн бедри:ван ы:н гашт ня:фьстэ ин андэ бра:ԕерһы:дэр.

Phonology

Like many European languages on Lõis, Glommish phonology is characterized by pairs of hard and soft consonants.

Consonants

		Labial		Dental/Alveolar		Lateral		Postalveolar	Velar		Glottal
		hard	soft	hard	soft	hard	soft		soft	hard
Nasal		m m	mь mʲ	n n̪	nь nʲ
Stop	voiceless	p p	pь pʲ	t t̪	tь tʲ				kь kʲ	k k
	voiced	b b	bь bʲ	d d̪	dь dʲ				gь gʲ	g g
Affricate				c ts	cь tsʲ			cz tʃ
Fricative	voiceless	f f	fь fʲ	s s	sь sʲ	þ ɬˠ	þь ɬʲ	sz ʃ	chь, hь ç	ch x	h h
	voiced	v v	vь vʲ	z z	zь zʲ			ż ʒ
Resonant				r ɾ	rь ɾʲ	l ɫ	lь lʲ		j j

/tʃ, ʒ, ʃ/ are soft alternants of /k, g, x/ in native Glommish. /kʲ, gʲ, ts, tsʲ/ are mainly found in foreign loans:

• skiél /sʲkʲeːɫ/ 'happening, situation' (from Irish scéal 'story')
• giarnen /gʲaɾənən/ 'to grumble' (from Gaelic gearán 'complain, accuse')
• tsadek /tsadək/ 'Jupiter'

Orthographical notes:

• The ь is replaced with an i when followed by a vowel (the i is pronounced as palatalization).
• /ɫ/ is vocalized after a vowel to [o] or [ʊ], and al and ál are both pronounced [ɑo].
• The soft sign ь and the palatalizing i soften every consonant in the cluster that precede it by default; however, the hard sign ъ prevents the softening of consonants to the left of the hard sign.

Notes

• Hard /ɬ/ is strongly velarized [ɬˠ].
• In fast speech, hard /ɾ/ tends to become [ɹ] word-finally.

Vowels

There are five phonemic vowel qualities with length. y ý can be considered non-palatalizing allophones of i í.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	í /iː/	(y /ɨ/)	(ý /ɨː/)	u /ʊ/	ú /uː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	é /eː/	(e [ə])		o /ɔ/	ó /oː/
Open			a /a/	á /aː/

Word-initially i and í are pronounced [jɪ] and [jiː]. ý may variously be pronounced [iː], [ɨː], or [eː] depending on the region.

Morphology

Nouns

Like German, Glommish has 4 cases; however, nominative and accusative are only distinguished in pronouns. There are two genders, masculine and feminine (the neuter has merged with the masculine).

• The dative plural always ends in -em.
• The genitive plural always ends in -e for non-weak nouns.
• Nouns with the nominative plural in -er are always feminine. The converse is usually true except for a few nouns.
• For the masculine genitive singular, -es is used if the final consonant is t, d, s, z, þ or their soft counterparts. Otherwise -s is used.

Articles

Glommish uses the indefinite article yn and the definite article þe. The indefinite article is also used in the plural for indefinite amounts ("some" or "a few"), as in Spanish.

Definite article

case	singular		plural
	m.	f.
nom.	þe	þí	þí
dat.	þem	þier	þím
gen.	þes	þier	þier

Indefinite article

case	singular		plural
	m.	f.
nom.	yn	ne	ne
dat.	me	ner	nem
gen.	yns	ner	ner

Declined like the definite article are:

• þiz 'this'
• jén 'that'
• the possessive determiners mín; þín; is; jar; unsier, unsь-; úrer, úr-; jar; sín

Masculine consonant nouns

vulf (m.) 'wolf'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	vulf	vulfe
Dative	vulfe	vulfem
Genitive	vulfs	vulfe

bazь (m.) 'berry'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	bazь	bazie
Dative	bazie	baziem
Genitive	bazies	bazie

sun (m.) 'son'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sun	sunie
Dative	sune	suniem
Genitive	suns	sunie

lamb (m.) 'lamb'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lamb	lambie
Dative	lambe	lambiem
Genitive	lambes	lambie

vinczel (m.) 'angle'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	vinczel	vinczle
Dative	vinczle	vinczlem
Genitive	vinczels	vinczle

n-stems

Declined like weak adjectives. These nouns are masculine, except for nominalized feminine adjectives.

name (m.) 'name'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	name	namen
Dative	namenь	namem
Genitive	namenь	namen

Also: ave 'river', biare 'bear', funie 'fire', hiarte 'heart', knave 'slave', mage 'stomach, maw', vatie 'water', ýriene 'copper'.

Vowel stems

Nouns with this declension type are always feminine in modern Glommish. Nouns with certain suffixes like -yng (deverbal noun) or -hýd (abstract noun) also belong to this class, and feminine nouns in foreign vocabulary also belong in this class.

naze (f.) 'nose'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	naze	nazer
Dative	naze	nazem
Genitive	nazer	naze

żáve (f.) 'gift'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	żáve	żáver
Dative	żáve	żávem
Genitive	żáver	żáve

sundie (f.) 'crime, offense'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sundie	sundier
Dative	sundie	sundiem
Genitive	sundier	sundie

(The religious concept of sin is conveyed by a different word chiét, a Hebrew loan.)

starcze (f.) 'strength, starch'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	starcze	starczer
Dative	starcze	starczem
Genitive	starczer	starcze

riaknyng (f.) 'balance, bottom line, result'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	riaknyng	riaknynger
Dative	riaknyng	riaknyngem
Genitive	riaknynger	riaknynge

honde (f.) 'hand'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	honde	hondier
Dative	honde	hondiem
Genitive	honder	hondie

Grab bag

r-stem: fadier (m.) 'father'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	fadier	fadrie
Dative	fadrie	fadriem
Genitive	fadiers	fadrie

Also: bráþier 'brother'.

r-stem: mádier (f.) 'mother'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	mádier	mádrier
Dative	mádrie	mádriem
Genitive	mádrier	mádrie

Also: sviestier 'sister', duchtier 'daughter'.

Adjectives

Declension

Predicative adjectives use the bare stem. For example, sanþe lióve = 'true love'.

For attributive adjectives, the following declension is used:

Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives

case	singular	plural
nom.	gáde	gáden
dat.	gádenь	gádem
gen.	gádenь	gáden

Soft-stem adjectives such as skónь 'beautiful' are declined similarly.

Attributive declension for soft-stem adjectives

case	singular	plural
nom.	skónie	skónien
dat.	skónienь	skóniem
gen.	skónienь	skónien

Degree

The comparative and superlative are formed with the suffixes -ier and -ьst (k, g, ch, coronal + -ьst > -czt, -żt, -szt, coronal + -st > coronal + -iest): svát, svátier, svátiest 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'. The same applies for loaned adjectives: ruhoní, ruhoníer, ruhoníst 'spiritual, more spiritual, most spiritual'.

výlik = 'very'

tá = 'too'

javen X als = 'as X as'

There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.

Meaning	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
"good"	gád, vial (adv.)	batier	bast
"bad"	druk	virsier	virьst
"much, many"	miczel (not declined)	mýr	mýst
"few"	fó	miénier	miénьst

Pronouns

Personal

The 2pl úr is also used as a polite 2nd person pronoun.

et only survives as a dummy pronoun, along with þat.

case	1sg.	2sg.	3sg.			1pl.	2pl.	3pl.	reflexive	impersonal
			m.	f.	n.
nom.	ik	þú	er	sí	et	vír	úr	sí	-	sum
acc.	mik	þik	ín	í	et	unsь	ú	í	sik	sumen
dat.	mir	þir	im	jar	-	unsь	ú	ím	sir	sume
gen.	mín	þín	is	jar	-	unsier	úrer	jar	sín	sín

The impersonal pronoun sum in the nominative case can be used as the 1st person plural in impersonal speech: Sum gáþь! 'Let's go!' (lit. one goes)

Possessive pronouns

To form possessive pronouns, "determiner" endings are added to the genitive of the personal pronouns (however, sums is not inflected this way); the stems of unsier and úrer become unsь- and úr- when a suffix is added. The reflexive sín is used to refer to a third person subject in the same clause, while is or jar refer to 3rd person subjects other than the subject.

Possessive pronouns in predicative position are the unmarked form of the pronoun: Þe siag isь unsier! 'Victory is ours!'

Demonstrative

• þize = this; jéne = that
• for, fan, fam, fiase = who; fat = what
• fanь = when
• fí = how; só = like this/that, so, thus
• fár = where; hiér = here; þár = there
• fárup = why
• filьke = which
• solьke = such
• ale = all, every
  • ale X ok X = each and every X

Adpositions

Prepositions taking both the dative and the accusative

• an = (high register) on, upon; to, unto
• biefur = before, in front of
• at = at
• in = in
• uvier = over
• up = on

Prepositions taking the accusative

• furь = for
• gaszt = towards
• sunder = without
• þruch = through
• um = around
• viþ = against

Prepositions taking the dative

• av = off, from
• bí = of, at, in, chez
• mid = with
• ta = to (Note: ta + þem, þier > tam, tar)
• út = out of
• úter = except

Verbs

Verbs are less conservative than in Ufirlandisg. For example:

• There is one set of personal endings for both thematic and athematic verbs.
• The past subjunctive has disappeared except viárie 'were, would be' and żenże 'would'.

Weak verbs

For the past dental suffix -ti- is added if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (other than t(i) or d(i)); -edi- is added if the stem ends in a t(i) or d(i) or a hard consonant other than k, g, ch; -di- is added otherwise.

Hard weak

lióven 'to love'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present indicative	lióve	lióver	lióveþь	lióvem	lióveþ	lióvenь
subjunctive	lióve	lióves	lióve	lióvem	lióveþ	lióvenь
past	lióvedь	lióvedier	lióvedь	lióvediem	lióvedieþ	lióvedienь
imperative	-	lióv! / lióve!	-	-	lióveþ!	-
present participle	lióvend
past participle	lióved

Other examples: maken 'make', lirnen 'learn'

Soft weak

variemien 'to warm'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present indicative	variemie	variemier	variemieþь	variemiem	varemieþ	variemienь
subjunctive	variemie	variemies	variemie	variemiem	variemieþ	variemienь
past	variemiedь	variemdier	variemiedь	variemdiem	variemdieþ	variemdienь
imperative	-	variemь! / variemie!	-	-	variemieþ!	-
present participle	variemiend
past participle	variemied

Other examples: orvýdien 'work'; hórien 'hear'; lýrien 'teach'; sażen 'say'; ertalien 'tell, recount'; ranien 'execute, set into motion', lażen 'lay'

Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. brinżen, brachtь, bracht 'bring'; bużen, buchtь, bucht 'buy'; þanczen, þachtь, þacht - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.

Strong verbs

Strong class 1

bíten 'to bite'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present	bíte	bítier	bítieþь	bítem	bítieþ	bítienь
subjunctive	bíte	bítes	bíte	bítem	bíteþ	bítenь
past	být	býter	být	býtem	býteþ	býtenь
imperative	-	bítь! / bítie!	-	-	bítieþ!	-
present participle	bítend
past participle	biten

Also: szczínen, skýn, szczinen 'shine', dríven, drýv, driven 'walk', klíven, klýv, kliven 'stick, cling', vríten, vrýt, vriten 'write'

Strong class 2

czózen 'to choose'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present	czóze	czózier	czózieþь	czózem	czózieþ	czózienь
subjunctive	czóze	czózes	czóze	czózem	czózeþ	czózenь
past	kóz	kózer	kóz	kózem	kózeþ	kózenь
imperative	-	czózь! / czózie!	-	-	czózieþ!	-
present participle	czózend
past participle	kuzen

Also: bióden, bód, buden 'offer, bid', biógen, bóg, bugen 'bow', fliógen, flóg, flugen 'fly', flión, fló, fluen 'flee, escape', friózen, fróz, fruzen 'freeze'

Strong class 3

binden 'to tie, to bind'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present	binde	bindier	bindieþь	bindem	bindieþ	bindienь
subjunctive	binde	bindes	binde	bindem	bindeþ	bindenь
past	band	bander	band	bandem	bandeþ	bandenь
imperative	-	bindь! / bindie!	-	-	bindieþ!	-
present participle	bindend
past participle	bunden

Also: bieżinen, biegan, biegunen 'begin'; drinken, drank, drunken 'drink'; finþen, fanþ, funþen 'find'; grinden, grand, grunden 'grind'; riénen, rán, rónen 'flow, run'; springen, sprang, sprungen 'jump, burst, explode'; simben, samb, sumben 'sing'; viarepen, varep, vurepen 'throw'; þrimben, þramb, þrumben 'push'.

Strong class 4

In Glommish, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.

biaren 'to carry'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present	biare	bierier	bierieþь	biarem	bierieþ	bierienь
subjunctive	biare	biares	biare	biarem	biarþ	biarenь
past	bar	barer	bar	barem	barþ	barenь
imperative	-	bierь! / bierie!	-	-	bierieþ!	-
present participle	biarend
past participle	buren

Also: briaken, brak, bruken 'break', niamen, nam, numen 'take', piamen, pam, pumen 'come', stialen, stal, stulen 'steal', hialpen, halp, hulpen 'help', driasken, drask, drusken 'thresh', stiareven, starev, stureven 'die'

Strong class 5

żaven 'to give'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present	żave	żevier	żevieþь	żavem	żevieþ	żevienь
subjunctive	żave	żaves	żave	żavem	żaveþ	żavenь
past	gav	gaver	gav	gavem	gaveþ	gavenь
imperative	-	żevь! / żevie!	-	-	żevieþ!	-
present participle	żavend
past participle	żaven

Also: driapen, drap, driapen 'hit', ferżaten, fergat, ferżaten 'forget', liasen, las, liasen 'read', sión, só, sión 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs bidien, bad, biaden 'beg, pray', lieżen, lag, liagen 'lie'

Strong class 6

graven 'to dig'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present	grave	gravier	gravieþь	gravem	gravieþ	gravienь
subjunctive	grave	graves	grave	gravem	graveþ	gravenь
past	gráv	gráver	gráv	grávem	gráveþ	grávenь
imperative	-	gravь! / gravie!	-	-	gravieþ!	-
present participle	gravend
past participle	graven

Also: slagen, slág, slagen 'kill', standen, stánd, standen 'stand', vaksen, váks, vaksen 'grow', vasken, vásk, vasken 'wash', jaten, ját, jaten 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)

Strong class 7

hýten, hít, híten - to be called

stóten, stiót, stióten - encounter

halden, hiald, hialden - to hold

liáten, lít, liáten - to let

Preterite-present verbs

viten 'to know'

viten 'to know'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present	výt	výst	výt	vitem	viteþ	vitenь
subjunctive	vite	vites	vite	vitem	viteþ	vitenь
past	vistь	vistier	vistь	vistiem	vistieþ	vistienь
imperative	-	výt! / výte!	-	-	viteþ!	-
present participle	vitend
past participle	vist

kunen 'can, be able to'

kunen 'can'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present	kan	kanst	kan	kunem	kunþ	kunenь
subjunctive	kune	kunes	kune	kunem	kuneþ	kunenь
past	kundь	kundier	kundь	kundiem	kundieþ	kundienь

Similarly skulen 'should', þureven 'have to'.

mogen 'may, have a possibility of'

mogen 'have a possibility of'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present	mag	magst	mag	mogem	mogeþ	mogenь
subjunctive	moge	moges	moge	mogem	mogeþ	mogenь
past	mochtь	mochtier	mochtь	mochtiem	mochtieþ	mochtienь

máten 'be permitted to'

máten 'be permitted to'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present	mát	mást	mát	mátem	máteþ	mátenь
subjunctive	máte	mátes	máte	mátem	máteþ	mátenь
past	mástь	mástier	mástь	mástiem	mástieþ	mástienь

Other irregular verbs

vín 'want'

vín 'want to'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present	ví	vír	ví	vím	víþ	vínь
subjunctive	ví	vís	ví	vím	víþ	vín
past	vildь	vildier	vildь	vildiem	vildieþ	vildien

bión 'be'

bión 'to be'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present	em	jer	isь	sim	siþ	sinь
subjunctive	bió	biós	bió	bióm	bióþ	biónь
past	vas	vast	vas	viárem	viárþ	viárenь
past subjunctive	viárь	viárier	viárь	viáriem	viárieþ	viárienь
imperative	-	bió!	-	-	bióþ!	-
present participle	biónd
past participle	viáren

dán 'do'

dán 'to do'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present	dá	dár	dáþь	dám	dáþ	dánь
subjunctive	dá	dás	dá	dám	dáþ	dánь
past	dié	diér	dié	diém	diéþ	diénь
imperative	-	dá!	-	-	dáþ!	-
present participle	dánd
past participle	dán

gán 'go, (future tense auxiliary)'

gán 'to go, (future tense auxiliary)'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	vír	úr	sí
present	gá	gár	gáþь	gám	gáþ	gánь
subjunctive	gá	gás	gá	gám	gáþ	gánь
past indicative	żang	żanger	żang	żangem	żangþ	żangenь
past subjunctive1	żenż	żenżer	żenż	żenżem	żenżeþ	żenżenь
imperative	-	gá!	-	-	gáþ!	-
present participle	gánd
past participle	żangen

¹ Grammaticalized as a counterfactual marker.

Also: fán, fiang, fiangen - to get, to obtain

Derivational morphology

• -ten: verbalizing suffix; used with Hebrew VNs or other foreign words to import them
  • hafgolten = 'to function' < (hafŋålå 'to operate')
• bie-: "be-", forms applicatives
• -bier: '-able'
• -czen (m): diminutive
  • þe kotczen 'kitten' < þe kot 'cat'
• end-: 'de-, dis-'
  • endýren: 'dishonor'
• er-: telic
• fer-: "for-"
• fur-: "fore-"
• -ful: "-ful"
• ge-: intensifies a verb or derives an adjective; collective suffix
  • A false example: geliór ('galore', from Irish go leor)
• -hýd /-iːd/: -ness, -hood
  • sialvhýd: 'identity'
• -í: Hebrew nisba suffix for adjectives
• -ich: "-y"; forms adjectives of the form '[adj]-[noun]ed'
  • ýnóżich: 'one-eyed' < ýn 'one' + óge 'eye'
  • kaldhiertich: 'coldhearted'
• -iel: forms nouns
  • þe lapiel: 'spoon'
  • þe katiel: 'kettle'
• -elen: -le, German -eln (frequentative verbs)
• -lóz: "-less"
  • andielóz: 'endless' < þe andь 'end'
• -lik: "-ly"; forms adjectives from noun
  • dażlik 'daily' < þe dag 'day'
  • vuredlik 'literal' < þe vured 'word'
• mis-: "mis-"
  • misdiád: "misdeed, misdemeanor"
• -nys: forms nouns from verbs
• -nie: feminine suffix
  • þí lýrernie 'teacher (female)' < þe lýrerь 'teacher'
  • þí fuksnie 'vixen' < þe fuks 'fox'
• sam-: equi-
  • samvierþich "equivalent"
  • samvarmich "isothermal"
  • samgeskapich "isomorphic"; samgeskapyng "isomorphism"
• -sam: "-some"
  • ýnsam 'lonely' < ýn 'one'
  • gefiársam 'dangerous' < þí gefiár 'danger'
  • výsam 'woeful' < þe vý 'woe'
• -sьk: "-ish"
• tier-: German zer-
• un-: "un-" (negation or opposite)
  • þí unróe 'unrest, unease'
• ur-
  • þe urdýlь 'judgment' < dýlь 'part'
• -yng/-ing: forms nouns from verbs
  • þí striályng 'radiation' < striálen 'shine, radiate'
  • þí hýting 'heating' < hýtien 'to heat'

Syntax

Glommish word order is V2 and is similar to Icelandic.

Negation

The negative particle is yncz and is used like negative particles in typical Germanic languages.

Drincz yncz þe vatie, er isь fúl!

Don't drink the water, it's dirty!

Possession

Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: þí żáve míns fadiers 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too: míns fadiers żáve.

For predicative possession Glommish, instead of using 'have' like other Germanic languages, uses a construction similar to Irish: Et finsь at mir tvý sunie. "I have two sons." (lit. There are two sons at me, like Irish Tá dhá mhac agam)

Simple tenses

Simple present

The simple present denotes habitual actions or generally true facts, like the English simple present.

Ik biange mik av snakem ok gakrávem.

I'm afraid of snakes and scorpions.

Simple past

The simple past is like the English simple past.

Subjunctive

The subjunctive is used in subjunctive clauses specifying a wish or a requirement.

Ik ví þat er blýve mid mir.

I want him to stay with me.

Imperative

Exactly what it says on the tin.

Compound tenses

The compound tenses have received strogng Celtic influence. Unlike in other Germanic languages, the past participle is not used grammatically.

Progressive

Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary bión is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes at 'at' + infinitive, and the infinitive is put at the end of the clause. An object of the verb becomes the possessor of the verbal noun.

• Ik em at jaten þes apels. "I am eating the apple." (lit. I am at the apple's eating, like Irish Táim ag ith an úill)

Perfect

The perfect is used like the English perfect. Formed similarly to the progressive, but with after instead of at.

• Ik em after jaten þas apels. "I have eaten the apple." (lit. I am after the apple's eating, cf. Hiberno-English)

Clauses

Conjunctions

• ok = and
• jeþ = or
• nierь = but
• þóch = although
• þá, als (literary) = when
• vaþier... eþ... = either... or...
• niáþier... nieþ... = neither... nor...
• saker = because
• þat = that (can be used with moge + infinitive (present) or mochtь + infinitive (past) for purpose clauses)
  • Ik erklýnie et, þat anþere mogen et ferstanden. = 'I'm explaining it so that others may understand it.'
  • Ik erklýndь et, þat anþere mochtien et ferstanden. = 'I explained it so that others might understand it.'
• iv = if (used for conditions that could be true, like Irish má; also used in indirect questions; from *jabai)
• sadь = if (used for counterfactual conditions, like Irish dá; from *sagdēdī "if it were said")
• þánь = then
• nisь = than

Relative clauses

Glommish relative clauses use the relativizer þat, and a resumptive pronoun when the head is in an oblique argument:

• þí piane þat ik gav jar fáde = 'the woman I gave food to' (lit. the woman that I gave her food)
• þe ured þat ik rán þárav or þe ured þárav ik rán = 'the place I ran from'

Numbers

Glommish uses a base-120 numeral system (derived from the native Germanic long hundred).

0-10: afs, ýn, tvý, þrí, fiór, finf, siaks, sieven, acht, nión, tién /afs, ɨːn, tvɨː, ɬʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲinf, sʲaks, sʲɛvən, axt, nʲoːn, tʲeːn/

11-19: ýlьf, tvalьf, þrítién, fiórъtién, finfъtién, siaksъtién, siefъtién, achtién, nióntién /ɨːlʲf, tvalʲf, ɬʲrʲiːtʲeːn, fʲoːrtʲeːn, fʲinftʲeːn, sʲakstʲeːn, sʲɛftʲeːn, axtʲeːn, nʲoːnʲtʲeːn/

20-110: tvýntich, þrítich, ... achtich, nióntich, tiántich, ýlftich /tvɨːnʲtʲɪx, etc./

21, 22, ...: ýn-an-tvýntich, tvý-an-tvýntich, ...

120: hunderþ /hundərɬ/

14400: revove /rə'vɔvə/

Ordinal numbers are formed with -t- or -þ-: ýrst, tvýþ, þridь, fiórþ, finfþ, ...

Phrasebook

• Hýl! = 'Hello!'
  • Hýl þir! = 'Hello!' (informal AND to one person)
  • Hýl ú! = 'Hello!' (formal OR to more than one person)
• Gáde murgen/dag/jévenþ/nachtie! = 'Good morning/afternoon/evening/night!'
• Vilьpumen! = 'Welcome!'
• ivúfál (formal OR to more than one person) / ivþirfál (informal AND to one person) = 'please'
• Þank! = 'Thank you!'
• Rió isь mir. = 'I'm sorry.'
• Fí hýtieþ úr? = 'What is your name?'
• Ik hýte ... = 'My name is ...'
• Fans piemieþ úr? = 'Where are you from?'
• Ik piame út... = 'I'm from ...'
  • Þiúdland. = 'Thiudland.'
  • Ýreland. = 'Ireland.'
  • Kamberland. = 'Wales.'
  • Rótsland. = 'Rotsland.'
  • Sómland. = 'Finland.'
• Finsь at ú ... = 'Do you speak ...'
  • ... ýrsьk? = '... Irish?'
  • ... gyveriesьk? = '... Hebrew?'
  • ... tiurensьk? = '... Türiŋit?'
  • ... teryczk? = '... Cascadian Turkic?'
• Já. = 'Yes.'
• Ný. = 'No.'
• At mir finsь yncz þiúsьk. = 'I can't speak Þiúdьsk.'
• Mát ik ú þúten? = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using þú)?'

Names

TODO: P-Celtic names

• Arez (m.) (Hebrew "cedar")
• Biarhared (m.) ("bear-hard"; ~ Bernard)
• Ehúve /ʔəˈhu:və/ (f.) (Hebrew ʔəhuvɔ, "loved (f.)"; cf. Amanda)
• Emet /ʔəˈmɛt/ (f.) (Hebrew ʔəmɛt "truth")
• Emitáj /ʔəmʲɪˈtɑ:j/ (m.) (ʔəmitåy "Amittai")
• Gardie (f.) (~ Gerðr)
• Gýr- ("spear")
  • Gýrhared (~ Gerhard)
  • Gýrъhildь (~ Gerhilde)
• Hazel /hazəɫ/ (f.) ("hazel")
• Hildie /çɪlʲdʲə/, -hildь (f.) (< hildiz "battle")
• Hochme (f.) (Hebrew "wisdom", cf. Sophia)
• Kól (m.) (From a Celtic word for "hazel")
• Machtildь (f.) ("mighty in battle"; ~ Matilda, Mechthild)
• Onlýv (m.) (~ Olaf)
• Priten (m.) (~ Brittany)
• Sanþie /ˈsanɬʲə/ (f.) ("truth")
• Siag- ("victory")
  • Siagfriuþ, Siaghildь, ...
• Svýn /svɨːn/ (m.) (*swainaz "servant"; ~ Sveinn/Sven)
• Váden /vaːdən/ (m.) (~ Odin)
• Vulf /vʊɫf/ (m.)

Elements

Elements are masculine.

• vatiestuf = hydrogen
• szamszán = helium
• kalán = lithium
• palьstuf = nitrogen
• súrstuf = oxygen
• natrán = sodium
• liúchtiestuf = phosphorus
• sviavel = sulfur
• ýriene = copper
• siulver = silver
• tin = tin
• fítguld = platinum
• guld = gold
• pipsiulver = mercury (element)
• bliú = lead

Sample texts

UDHR, Article 1

Ale mansьken sinь buren frí ok gelík an vurþie ok anriachtem. Sí sinь mid ferstande ok gevitene bieżávd ok þurven biedríven ýn gaszt niáfsьte in ande bráþierhýder.

[ˈaɫə ˈmanʲsʲkən sʲɪnʲ ˈbʊɾən fʲɾʲiː ək gəˈlʲiːk an ˈvuɾɬʲɪ k ˈanʲɾʲaxtəm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ mʲɪd fərˈstandə k gəˈvʲɪtənə bʲɪˈdʒɑːvd ək ˈɬˠʊɾəvən bʲɪˈdʲɾʲiːvən iːn gaʃt ˈnʲɑːfʲstə jɪn andə ˈbraːɬʲɪɾiːdəɾ]

All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Gettysburg Address

Achtich-sieven jarþer þier isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebaren an þizem jarþedýlie ne niúe ume, tiúszt in fríhýd, ok ervíszt þem belóvnese þat ale mansьken sindь skafen gelík.