Linguifex

Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Prefix !! To stay (-tiā/-tim) !! To be seated (-vāst) !! To lie (-ūlg)
! Prefix !! To stay (tiā-/tim-) !! To be seated (mirt-) !! To lie (ut-)
|-
|-
| Generic position ('''ta-''') || tatiāke<br/><small>(''tatimu''; ''tatimau''; ''taʔatimum'')</small> || tavāske<br/><small>(''tavāstu''; ''tavāstau''; ''tostim'')</small> || tolge<br/><small>(''tolgu''; ''tolgau''; ''tavūlgam'')</small>
| Generic position ('''ta-''') || tatiāke<br/><small>(''tatimu''; ''tatimau''; ''taʔatimum'')</small> || tamirte<br/><small>(''tamertu''; ''tamirtau''; ''temirtim'')</small> || tokte<br/><small>(''tautu''; ''totau''; ''toʔutim'')</small>
|-
|-
| On(to), above ('''ān-''') || āntiāke || āmvāske || anūlge
| On(to), above ('''ān-''') || āntiāke || āmmirte || ānukte
|-
|-
| Under, below ('''šu-''') || šutiāke || šuvāske || šūlge
| Under, below ('''šu-''') || šutiāke || šumirte || šūkte
|-
|-
| In the middle of, between ('''khl-''') || khlatiāke || khluvāske || khlūlge
| In the middle of, between ('''khl-''') || khlatiāke || khlumirte || khlukte
|-
|-
| Together with, among ('''gin-''') || gintiāke || gimvāske || ginūlge
| Together with, among ('''gin-''') || gintiāke || gimmirte || ginukte
|-
|-
| Within inside ('''nī-''') || nītiāke || nīvāske || nyūlge
| Within inside ('''nī-''') || nītiāke || nīmirte || nyukte
|-
|-
| Near ('''mū(g)-''') || mūtiāke || mūgvāske || mūgūlge
| Near ('''mū(g)-''') || mūtiāke || mūgmirte || mūgukte
|-
|-
| Far ('''bis-''') || bistiāke || bisvāske || bisūlge
| Far ('''bis-''') || bistiāke || bismirte || bisukte
|-
|-
| Physically attached; mounting an animal/a bike ('''tad-''') || tandiāke || tadvāske || tadūlge
| Physically attached; mounting an animal/a bike ('''tad-''') || tandiāke || tadmirte || tadukte
|-
|-
| Hanging from; upside down ('''smi-''') || smitiāke || smivāske || smiyūlge
| Hanging from; upside down ('''smi-''') || smitiāke || smimirte || smyukte
|-
|-
| In(to), inside ('''na(ñ)-''') || natiāke || navāske || nañūlge
| In(to), inside ('''na(ñ)-''') || natiāke || namirte || nañukte
|-
|-
| Outside, outwards ('''kau-''') || kautiāke || kauvāske || kavūlge
| Outside, outwards ('''kau-''') || kautiāke || kaumirte || kavukte
|-
|-
| Opposite to; somewhere else ('''viṣ-''') || viṣṭyāke || viṣvāske || viṣūlge
| Opposite to; somewhere else ('''viṣ-''') || viṣṭyāke || viṣmirte || viṣukte
|-
|-
| Around ('''kami-''') || kamitiāke || kamivāske || kamyūlge
| Around ('''kami-''') || kamitiāke || kamimirte || kamyukte
|-
|-
| Behind ('''prь-''') || pritiāke || privāske || priūlge
| Behind ('''prь-''') || pritiāke || primirte || priukte
|-
|-
| In front of ('''mai-''') || maitiāke || maivāske || mayūlge
| In front of ('''mai-''') || maitiāke || maimirte || mayukte
|-
|-
| In a corner; on a border; at the limits of ('''vai-''') || vaitiāke || vaivāske || vayūlge
| In a corner; on a border; at the limits of ('''vai-''') || vaitiāke || vaimirte || vayukte
|-
|-
| Next to; alongside ('''šr-''') || šṛtiāke || šṛvāske || šrūlge
| Next to; alongside ('''šr-''') || šṛtiāke || šṛmirte || šrukte
|-
|-
| In the center of ('''lū(s)-''') || lūtiāke || lūvāske || lūsūlge
| In the center of ('''lū(s)-''') || lūtiāke || lūmirte || lūsukte
|-
|-
| On the left ('''vyā-''') || vyātiāke || vyāvāske || vyolge
| On the left ('''vyā-''') || vyātiāke || vyāmirte || vyokte
|-
|-
| On the right ('''jlь-''') || jlitiāke || jlivāske || jliūlge
| On the right ('''jlь-''') || jlitiāke || jlimirte || jliukte
|-
|-
| Facing; towards ('''keil-''') || keiltiāke || keilvāske || keilūlge
| Facing; towards ('''keil-''') || keiltiāke || keilmirte || keilukte
|-
|-
| Facing inside ('''na-kel-''') || nakeltiāke || nakelvāske || nakelūlge
| Facing inside ('''na-kel-''') || nakeltiāke || nakelmirte || nakelukte
|-
|-
| Facing outside ('''kau-kel-''') || kokeltiāke || kokelvāske || kokelūlge
| Facing outside ('''kau-kel-''') || kokeltiāke || kokelmirte || kokelukte
|-
|-
| Near to the center ('''mū-lū(s)-''') || molūtiāke || molūvāske || molūsūlge
| Near to the center ('''mū-lū(s)-''') || molūtiāke || molūmirte || molūsukte
|-
|-
| Far from the center ('''bis-lū(s)-''') || bislūtiāke || bislūvāske || bislūsūlge
| Far from the center ('''bis-lū(s)-''') || bislūtiāke || bislūmirte || bislūsukte
|}
|}


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These verbs all use two different place arguments: ''actual position'', which requires '''locative''' case, and ''relative position'', requiring '''exessive''' case. The latter often denotes non-inclusion in the mentioned place. Some examples:
These verbs all use two different place arguments: ''actual position'', which requires '''locative''' case, and ''relative position'', requiring '''exessive''' case. The latter often denotes non-inclusion in the mentioned place. Some examples:
# ''jñūmat'' jlitimu.<br/>tree-<small>EX</small>.<small>SG</small>. stand.right.of.<small>IND</small>.<small>PRES</small>-<small>1SG</small>.<small>EXT</small>.<small>PATIENT.TRG</small>.<br/>I'm standing to the right of the tree.
# ''jñūmat'' jlitimu.<br/>tree-<small>EX</small>.<small>SG</small>. stand.right.of.<small>IND</small>.<small>PRES</small>-<small>1SG</small>.<small>EXT</small>.<small>PATIENT.TRG</small>.<br/>I'm standing to the right of the tree.
# ''domañe'' vaivāstu.<br/>room-<small>LOC</small>.<small>SG</small>. be.seated.in.corner.<small>IND</small>.<small>PRES</small>-<small>1SG</small>.<small>EXT</small>.<small>PATIENT.TRG</small>.<br/>I'm sitting in a corner of the room.
# ''domañe'' vaimertu.<br/>room-<small>LOC</small>.<small>SG</small>. be.seated.in.corner.<small>IND</small>.<small>PRES</small>-<small>1SG</small>.<small>EXT</small>.<small>PATIENT.TRG</small>.<br/>I'm sitting in a corner of the room.
# ''domanat'' vaivāstu.<br/>room-<small>EX</small>.<small>SG</small>. be.seated.in.corner.<small>IND</small>.<small>PRES</small>-<small>1SG</small>.<small>EXT</small>.<small>PATIENT.TRG</small>.<br/>I'm sitting in a corner outside the room.
# ''domanat'' vaimertu.<br/>room-<small>EX</small>.<small>SG</small>. be.seated.in.corner.<small>IND</small>.<small>PRES</small>-<small>1SG</small>.<small>EXT</small>.<small>PATIENT.TRG</small>.<br/>I'm sitting in a corner outside the room.
# ''jñūmat'' ''ūnime'' priūlgu.<br/>tree-<small>EX</small>.<small>SG</small>. street-<small>LOC</small>.<small>SG</small>. lie.behind.<small>IND</small>.<small>PRES</small>-<small>1SG</small>.<small>EXT</small>.<small>PATIENT.TRG</small>.<br/>I'm lying in the street, behind the tree.
# ''jñūmat'' ''ūnime'' priotu.<br/>tree-<small>EX</small>.<small>SG</small>. street-<small>LOC</small>.<small>SG</small>. lie.behind.<small>IND</small>.<small>PRES</small>-<small>1SG</small>.<small>EXT</small>.<small>PATIENT.TRG</small>.<br/>I'm lying in the street, behind the tree.


=====Positional prefixes as derivational affixes=====
=====Positional prefixes as derivational affixes=====
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However, while always correct, there may be some ambiguities because of the use of positional prefixes as derivational ones: the latter example shows one of these ambiguities, as ''nakulke'' means both "to talk (in somewhere)" and "to begin to talk/speak". Another strategy, correct but more proper in formal writings than in speech, is to use the appropriate positional verb as a homofocal adverbial. This has the advantage of showing the type of position:
However, while always correct, there may be some ambiguities because of the use of positional prefixes as derivational ones: the latter example shows one of these ambiguities, as ''nakulke'' means both "to talk (in somewhere)" and "to begin to talk/speak". Another strategy, correct but more proper in formal writings than in speech, is to use the appropriate positional verb as a homofocal adverbial. This has the advantage of showing the type of position:
: ''lilea domane nañūllie yašusŏ'' "I read while laying in my room" (note that "to lay in one's room" idiomatically means "to lay on the bed").
: ''lilea domane nañollie yašusŏ'' "I read while laying in my room" (note that "to lay in one's room" idiomatically means "to lay on the bed").
: ''lilea domane navāsklie kilmimьsŏ'' "we talk while sitting in my room".
: ''lilea domane namerlie kilmimьsŏ'' "we talk while sitting in my room".


The third, and most colloquial strategy, is to put the position as the derived noun (in ''-timas'' / ''-vāskas'' / ''-ūlgas'') in the locative and the location in the genitive:
The third, and most colloquial strategy, is to put the position as the derived noun (in ''-timas'' / ''-mirtas'' / ''-utis'') in the locative and the location in the genitive:
: ''liliai domani nañūlge yašusŏ'' "I read while laying in my room" (lit. "in a sitting position in the inside of my room").
: ''liliai domani nañutie yašusŏ'' "I read while laying in my room" (lit. "in a sitting position in the inside of my room").
: ''liliai domani navāske kilmimьsŏ'' "we talk while sitting in my room".
: ''liliai domani namirte kilmimьsŏ'' "we talk while sitting in my room".


Note that some locations are often expressed with the last one anyway, especially if they're idiomatic — a notable example being ''yųljavyī mūtime/mūvāske'' "standing/sitting in the kitchen", as ''yųljavyāh'' originally meant "fire for [cooking] food" and while it later was extended to "kitchen" the location is still expressed as such ("in the kitchen" = "near the fire").
Note that some locations are often expressed with the last one anyway, especially if they're idiomatic — a notable example being ''yųljavyī mūtime/mūmirte'' "standing/sitting in the kitchen", as ''yųljavyāh'' originally meant "fire for [cooking] food" and while it later was extended to "kitchen" the location is still expressed as such ("in the kitchen" = "near the fire").


====Motion verbs - Duldaradhūvī====
====Motion verbs - Duldaradhūvī====
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