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Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions

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! "Lative" prefix !! "Ablative" prefix !! Meaning
! "Lative" prefix !! "Ablative" prefix !! Meaning
|-
|-
| ta- || tes- || Generic direction
| ta- || tų- || Generic direction
|-
|-
| ān- || yana- || Above
| ān- || yana- || Above
|-
|-
| šu- || šeis- || Under
| šu- || šer- || Under
|-
|-
| khl- || kelь- || In the middle of, together with
| khl- || kelь- || In the middle of, together with
|-
|-
| gin- || je- || In a group; among
| gin- || ją- || In a group; among
|-
|-
| nī- || anæ- || Within inside
| nī- || ani- || Within inside
|-
|-
| mū(g)- || meak- || Near, close
| ū(b)- || yom- || Near, close
|-
|-
| bis- || byæ- || Far
| bis- || bara- || Far
|-
|-
| tad- || tais- || Attached to; on an animal
| tad- || tasi- || Attached to; on an animal
|-
|-
| smi- || šñe- || Hanging
| įs- || hos- || Hanging
|-
|-
| na(ñ)- || neni- || Inside
| na(ñ)- || neni- || Inside
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| viṣ- || vyeṣa- || Opposite; somewhere else
| viṣ- || vyeṣa- || Opposite; somewhere else
|-
|-
| kami- || kæli- || Around
| kami- || kįla- || Around
|-
|-
| prь- || priš- || Behind
| prь- || paro- || Behind
|-
|-
| mai- || mīram- || In front of
| mai- || mīram- || In front of
|-
|-
| vai- || viye- || In a corner
| vai- || vea- || In a corner
|-
|-
| šr- || chir- || Next to
| ėle- || ora- || Next to
|-
|-
| lū(s)- || rīs- || In the center
| lā(d)- || lo(d)- || In the center
|-
|-
| vyā- || veši- || Left
| vyā- || veši- || Left
|-
|-
| jlь- || jelši- || Right
| māha- || mege- || Right
|-
|-
| bac- || — || Avoiding
| nilь- || <small>(''vād-'')</small> || Convergent, inwards
|-
|-
| gala- || hilæ- || Through
| vād- || <small>(''nilь-'')</small> || Divergent, outwards
|-
| be- || ter- || On the surface
|-
| gala- || hali- || Through
|-
| naš- || rowspan=4 | — || Completely, to the end
|-
| paṣ- || Further ahead, beyond
|-
| sam- || Towards the next (object/goal)
|-
| vod- || Avoiding
|}
|}


These verbs have a peculiarity, as all prefixes except for ''ta-''/''tes-'' make the verb transitive but with a default “common” voice: that is, the agent-trigger is not marked on the verb and only case makes it clear:
These verbs have a peculiarity, as all prefixes except for ''ta-''/''tų-'' make the verb transitive but with a default “common” voice: that is, the agent-trigger is not marked on the verb and only case makes it clear:
: ''jāyim ñariū āmfliven'' “the girl walks up the mountain” (agent-trigger)
: ''jāyim ñariū āmfliven'' “the girl walks up the mountain” (agent-trigger)
: ''ñariah jāyimei āmfliven'' "the mountain is walked up by the girl" (patient-trigger)
: ''ñariah jāyimei āmfliven'' "the mountain is walked up by the girl" (patient-trigger)
Other examples are:
Other examples are:
: ''jñūm prifliven'' "someone goes behind the tree" (lit. *the tree is being gone behind)
: ''jñūm prifliven'' "someone goes behind the tree" (lit. *the tree is being gone behind)
: ''lālia ñæltah kitu meakfluṃsusah'' "my sister is approaching from home"
: ''lālia ñæltah kitu yomfluṃsusah'' "my sister is approaching from home"


When there is a prefix expressing relative position and one expressing direction, the most important one is always the one closest to the root; the other one (usually the relative position) is normally expressed with the appropriate case, as in the verb ''bacmūgmṛcce'' "to run nearer (to something) while avoiding (something else)":
When there is a prefix expressing relative position and one expressing direction, the most important one is always the one closest to the root; the other one (usually the relative position) is normally expressed with the appropriate case, as in the verb ''vodūmṛcce'' "to run nearer (to something) while avoiding (something else)":
: ''sāmiā kita nanāt ūnimat bacmūgamṛca'' "your house has been approached by running while avoiding that street".
: ''sāmiā kita nanāt ūnimat vodūbamṛca'' "your house has been approached by running while avoiding that street".


Arguments usually change from the non-prefixed forms: for example ''vaske'' (to drive) is transitive and its patient is the means of transport, while the patient of ''khlavaske'' (to go with [by vehicle]) is the person with whom the agent goes.
Arguments usually change from the non-prefixed forms: for example ''vaske'' (to drive) is transitive and its patient is the means of transport, while the patient of ''khlavaske'' (to go with [by vehicle]) is the person with whom the agent goes.
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! Clothing type/body part !! To wear/to put on !! To take off !! Related root
! Clothing type/body part !! To wear/to put on !! To take off !! Related root
|-
|-
| Any clothing bandaged around the body, plus most things worn around the trunk<br/><small>(Most generic verb, but does not cover all other meanings)</small> || kamikyāke || kælikyāke || ''ukyā'' "trunk"
| Any clothing bandaged around the body, plus most things worn around the trunk<br/><small>(Most generic verb, but does not cover all other meanings)</small> || kamikyāke || kįlakyāke || ''ukyā'' "trunk"
|-
|-
| Shoes, socks, anything else on the feet and/or ankles || kamijunaike || kælijunaike || ''junai'' "foot"
| Shoes, socks, anything else on the feet and/or ankles || kamijunaike || kįlajunaike || ''junai'' "foot"
|-
|-
| Head and neck <small>(hats, caps, tiaras, necklaces...)</small> || āṃlāṇṭake || yanalāṇṭake || ''lāṇṭam'' "head"
| Head and neck <small>(hats, caps, tiaras, necklaces...)</small> || āṃlāṇṭake || yanalāṇṭake || ''lāṇṭam'' "head"
|-
|-
| Hands, wrists <small>(gloves, bracelets...)</small> || kamidhānake || kælidhānake || ''dhāna'' "hand"
| Hands, wrists <small>(gloves, bracelets...)</small> || kamidhānake || kįladhānake || ''dhāna'' "hand"
|-
|-
| Legs (except bandaged-around clothing that also covers the trunk)<br/>Trousers, pants || nampājike || nenipājike || ''pājya'' "leg"
| Legs (except bandaged-around clothing that also covers the trunk)<br/>Trousers, pants || nampājike || nenipājike || ''pājya'' "leg"
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| Something with (long) sleeves || āṃskaglake || yanaskaglake || rowspan=2 | ''skaglas'' "blanket"
| Something with (long) sleeves || āṃskaglake || yanaskaglake || rowspan=2 | ''skaglas'' "blanket"
|-
|-
| Blankets (not worn) || kamiskaglake || kæliskaglake
| Blankets (not worn) || kamiskaglake || kįlaskaglake
|}
|}


Note that the sense of "to wear" is most usually translated with patient-trigger voice - e.g. ''pāṇḍah jūnekah tę kamikyāyė'' "(s)he wears white robes" - while "to put on" with agent-trigger voice ''pāṇḍu jūneku kamisŏkyāyė'' "(s)he puts/is putting on white robes".
Note that the sense of "to wear" is most usually translated with patient-trigger voice - e.g. ''pāṇḍah jūnekah tę kamikyāyė'' "(s)he wears white robes" - while "to put on" with agent-trigger voice ''pāṇḍu jūneku kamisŏkyāyė'' "(s)he puts/is putting on white robes".


A few more specific verbs exist, like for example the pair ''kamilāṇṭake''/''kælilāṇṭake'', used for putting on/taking off a ''lāṇṭepenai'' (colloquially just ''penai''), a kind of net made of Calemerian juta (''lāriṭa'') usually worn by adolescent girls (traditionally it was worn by unmarried women) with "cotton" hair (''bhadvausiñe'', or how Chlouvānem people call "Afro-textured hair").
A few more specific verbs exist, like for example the pair ''kamilāṇṭake''/''kįlalāṇṭake'', used for putting on/taking off a ''lāṇṭepenai'' (colloquially just ''penai''), a kind of net made of Calemerian juta (''lāriṭa'') usually worn by adolescent girls (traditionally it was worn by unmarried women) with "cotton" hair (''bhadvausiñe'', or how Chlouvānem people call "Afro-textured hair").


===Relative clauses and equivalents===
===Relative clauses and equivalents===
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