Hadda: Difference between revisions

Line 275:

-->

===Nouns===

~~'''~~Case~~''': affects~~ final vowel

====Case====

Affects final vowel.

*Absolutive: ''-a''

*Nominative: ''-u''

*Genitive: ''-i'' (palatalizes final velar)

~~'''~~Number~~''': infixed~~ before case vowel

====Number====

Infixed before case vowel.

*Paucal: ''-aan-''

*Plural: ''-aaw-''

Line 289:

Line 291:

The infinitive of native verbs is of the form ''XCaaCa'' or ''XCaCCa'', where X can be anything. Only the final portion (after X) changes. Therefore, "initial" consonant below refers to the initial consonant in the penultimate syllable.

~~'''~~Mood~~''': affects~~ final vowel.

====Mood====

Affects final vowel.

*Indicative: ''-a''

**Used in declarative sentences for a statement of fact.

Line 301:

Line 304:

**Used for command, imploring, self-encouragement, etc - e.g. ''ħaɗɗi'' "be Hadda"

~~'''~~Tense + ~~aspect''': affects~~ stem.

====Tense + Aspect====

*~~Future~~:

Affects stem.

*Simple future: Used for an event in the future.

**Initial velar: labialized - e.g. ''gwaaⱳa'' "will throw"

**Other: stem vowel becomes ''o'' - e.g. ''moora'' "will lead", ''ħoɗɗa'' "will be/become hadda"

*Present progressive: Identical to infinitive - e.g. ''gaaⱳa'' "is throwing", ''maara'' "is leading", ''ħaɗɗa'' "is hadda"

*Present progressive: Used for an event currently occurring.

*Present habitual:

**Identical to infinitive - e.g. ''gaaⱳa'' "is throwing, has been throwing", ''maara'' "is leading, has been leading", ''ħaɗɗa'' "is hadda"

*Present habitual: Used for an event that regularly occurs (habitual) or general truths (gnomic).

**''CaaCa'' verbs become ''CaCCa'' - e.g. ''gaɓɓa'' "throws", ''malla'' "leads"

**''CaCCa'' verbs become ''CaCaCCa'' - e.g. ''ħaɍaɗɗa'' "regularly becomes hadda"

*Simple past:

*Simple past: Used for a simple event in the past.

**Initial velar: labialized + stem vowel becomes ''i'' - e.g. ''gwiiⱳa'' "threw"

**Other: stem vowel becomes ''u'' - e.g. ''muura'' "lead (past)", ''ħuɗɗa'' "became hadda"

*Past progressive: ~~stem~~ vowel becomes ''i'' (palatalizing initial velars) - e.g. ''jiiⱳa'' "was throwing", ''miira'' "was leading", ''ħiɗɗa'' "was hadda"

*Past progressive: Used for an event that was occurring in the past.

*Past habitual: ~~like~~ present habitual, but with stem vowel changing to ''i'' - e.g. ''jiɓɓa'' "used to throw", ''milla'' "used to lead", ''ħiɍiɗɗa'' "used to become hadda"

**Stem vowel becomes ''i'' (palatalizing initial velars) - e.g. ''jiiⱳa'' "was throwing", ''miira'' "was leading", ''ħiɗɗa'' "was hadda"

*~~Theoretically, a~~ future habitual ~~could~~ be formed by ~~combining~~ the future ~~with the present habitual~~ - e.g. ''gwaɓɓa'' "will throw regularly", ''molla'' "will lead regularly", ''ħoɍoɗɗa'' "will regularly become hadda". Normally, this would be formed with a ''gaara'' construction - e.g. ''gaɓɓa gwaara'' "will throw regularly" (literally: will say throwing regularly)

*Past habitual: Used for an event that regularly occurred in the past.

**Like present habitual, but with stem vowel changing to ''i'' - e.g. ''jiɓɓa'' "used to throw", ''milla'' "used to lead", ''ħiɍiɗɗa'' "used to become hadda"

*A future habitual can be formed by reduplicating the final consonant of the simple future - e.g. ''gwaɓɓa'' "will throw regularly", ''molla'' "will lead regularly", ''ħoɍoɗɗa'' "will regularly become hadda". Normally, this would be formed with a ''gaara'' construction - e.g. ''gaɓɓa gwaara'' "will throw regularly" (literally: will say throwing regularly)

*The auxiliary verb ''gaara'' "to say" is ubiquitous in Hadda verbal morphology. Its functions include:

**Forming compound tenses, which can either form new tenses or disambiguate existing forms - e.g. ''gaaⱳa gwaara'' "will be throwing", ''gaaⱳa jiira'' "was throwing" (equivalent to ''jiiⱳa''; might be used if another verb has the same past form), ''gwaaⱳa jiira'' "was going to throw"

**Deriving verbs from nouns, interjections, loanwords, etc - e.g. ''ħiʔ gaara'' "to hiccup" (literally: to say ''ħiʔ''), ''telefoona gaara'' "to telephone" (literally: to say telephone).

Secondary verbs can be derived from primary or other secondary verbs. For example:

*Intensive: Formed by reduplicating ''Ca-'' or ''CaCa-'' - e.g. ''gaǥaaⱳa'', ''gaⱳaǥaaⱳa'' "is throwing repeatedly/intensely"

*Causative

*Mediopassive

'''Person + number''': indicated by prefixes attached to the verb stem. The initial consonant of the verb is not lenited, despite occurring between vowels. The prefix may be dropped if the subject is clear from context.

Line 328:

Line 337:

*2S: ''ta-'' e.g. ''taħaɗɗi'' "be Hadda!"

*2P: ''tawa-'' e.g. ''tawajiiro'' "you (''pl.'') might have said"

*3S: ''fa-'' e.g. ''famalla'' "he/she leads ~~regularly~~"

*3S: ''fa-'' e.g. ''famalla'' "he/she leads"

*3P: ''fawa-'' e.g. ''famoora'' "they will lead"

@@ Line 275: / Line 275: @@
 -->
 ===Nouns===
-'''Case''': affects final vowel
+====Case====
+Affects final vowel.
 *Absolutive: ''-a''
 *Nominative: ''-u''
 *Genitive: ''-i'' (palatalizes final velar)
-'''Number''': infixed before case vowel
+====Number====
+Infixed before case vowel.
 *Paucal: ''-aan-''
 *Plural: ''-aaw-''
@@ Line 289: / Line 291: @@
 The infinitive of native verbs is of the form ''XCaaCa'' or ''XCaCCa'', where X can be anything. Only the final portion (after X) changes. Therefore, "initial" consonant below refers to the initial consonant in the penultimate syllable.
-'''Mood''': affects final vowel.
+====Mood====
+Affects final vowel.
 *Indicative: ''-a''
 **Used in declarative sentences for a statement of fact.
@@ Line 301: / Line 304: @@
 **Used for command, imploring, self-encouragement, etc - e.g. ''ħaɗɗi'' "be Hadda"
-'''Tense + aspect''': affects stem.
+====Tense + Aspect====
-*Future:
+Affects stem.
+*Simple future: Used for an event in the future.
 **Initial velar: labialized - e.g. ''gwaaⱳa'' "will throw"
 **Other: stem vowel becomes ''o'' - e.g. ''moora'' "will lead", ''ħoɗɗa'' "will be/become hadda"
-*Present progressive: Identical to infinitive - e.g. ''gaaⱳa'' "is throwing", ''maara'' "is leading", ''ħaɗɗa'' "is hadda"
+*Present progressive: Used for an event currently occurring.
-*Present habitual:
+**Identical to infinitive - e.g. ''gaaⱳa'' "is throwing, has been throwing", ''maara'' "is leading, has been leading", ''ħaɗɗa'' "is hadda"
+*Present habitual: Used for an event that regularly occurs (habitual) or general truths (gnomic).
 **''CaaCa'' verbs become ''CaCCa'' - e.g. ''gaɓɓa'' "throws", ''malla'' "leads"
 **''CaCCa'' verbs become ''CaCaCCa'' - e.g. ''ħaɍaɗɗa'' "regularly becomes hadda"
-*Simple past:
+*Simple past: Used for a simple event in the past.
 **Initial velar: labialized + stem vowel becomes ''i'' - e.g. ''gwiiⱳa'' "threw"
 **Other: stem vowel becomes ''u'' - e.g. ''muura'' "lead (past)", ''ħuɗɗa'' "became hadda"
-*Past progressive: stem vowel becomes ''i'' (palatalizing initial velars) - e.g. ''jiiⱳa'' "was throwing", ''miira'' "was leading", ''ħiɗɗa'' "was hadda"
+*Past progressive: Used for an event that was occurring in the past.
-*Past habitual: like present habitual, but with stem vowel changing to ''i'' - e.g. ''jiɓɓa'' "used to throw", ''milla'' "used to lead", ''ħiɍiɗɗa'' "used to become hadda"
+**Stem vowel becomes ''i'' (palatalizing initial velars) - e.g. ''jiiⱳa'' "was throwing", ''miira'' "was leading", ''ħiɗɗa'' "was hadda"
-*Theoretically, a future habitual could be formed by combining the future with the present habitual - e.g. ''gwaɓɓa'' "will throw regularly", ''molla'' "will lead regularly", ''ħoɍoɗɗa'' "will regularly become hadda". Normally, this would be formed with a ''gaara'' construction - e.g. ''gaɓɓa gwaara'' "will throw regularly" (literally: will say throwing regularly)
+*Past habitual: Used for an event that regularly occurred in the past.
+**Like present habitual, but with stem vowel changing to ''i'' - e.g. ''jiɓɓa'' "used to throw", ''milla'' "used to lead", ''ħiɍiɗɗa'' "used to become hadda"
+*A future habitual can be formed by reduplicating the final consonant of the simple future - e.g. ''gwaɓɓa'' "will throw regularly", ''molla'' "will lead regularly", ''ħoɍoɗɗa'' "will regularly become hadda". Normally, this would be formed with a ''gaara'' construction - e.g. ''gaɓɓa gwaara'' "will throw regularly" (literally: will say throwing regularly)
 *The auxiliary verb ''gaara'' "to say" is ubiquitous in Hadda verbal morphology. Its functions include:
 **Forming compound tenses, which can either form new tenses or disambiguate existing forms - e.g. ''gaaⱳa gwaara'' "will be throwing", ''gaaⱳa jiira'' "was throwing" (equivalent to ''jiiⱳa''; might be used if another verb has the same past form), ''gwaaⱳa jiira'' "was going to throw"
 **Deriving verbs from nouns, interjections, loanwords, etc - e.g. ''ħiʔ gaara'' "to hiccup" (literally: to say ''ħiʔ''), ''telefoona gaara'' "to telephone" (literally: to say telephone).
-<!-- Originally, there were two tenses (past and non-past), each with three aspects (perfective, progressive/stative, and habitual). The future tense comes from the present perfective. -->
+<!-- Originally, there were two tenses (past and non-past), each with three aspects (perfective, progressive/stative, and habitual/gnomic). The future tense comes from the present perfective. -->
 Secondary verbs can be derived from primary or other secondary verbs. For example:
 *Intensive: Formed by reduplicating ''Ca-'' or ''CaCa-'' - e.g. ''gaǥaaⱳa'', ''gaⱳaǥaaⱳa'' "is throwing repeatedly/intensely"
+*Causative
+*Mediopassive
 '''Person + number''': indicated by prefixes attached to the verb stem. The initial consonant of the verb is not lenited, despite occurring between vowels. The prefix may be dropped if the subject is clear from context.
@@ Line 328: / Line 337: @@
 *2S: ''ta-'' e.g. ''taħaɗɗi'' "be Hadda!"
 *2P: ''tawa-'' e.g. ''tawajiiro'' "you (''pl.'') might have said"
-*3S: ''fa-'' e.g. ''famalla'' "he/she leads regularly"
+*3S: ''fa-'' e.g. ''famalla'' "he/she leads"
 *3P: ''fawa-'' e.g. ''famoora'' "they will lead"