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Classical Netagin/Lexicon

Classical Netagin/Swadesh list

Classical Netagin (Classical Netagin: bărits năthâghin, Eevo: traditionally Nyþojín Afúr 'Noble Netagin', Clofabosin: netagoserotin/netagosin), also called Old Netagin (Eevo: Nyþojín Dair), is a triconsonantal language descended from Ancient Netagin, inspired by Tiberian Hebrew. It was the language of the Netagin Republic in Ancient Talma and lent some loans to other Talman languages such as Eevo and Bênôcian.

Sound changes from ANtg

• a > a
• ā > â
• ay, i > e
• ī > i
• aw, u > o
• ō > ö
• propretonic or pretonic short vowels reduce to ă (depending on state, part of speech)
• ū > u

Todo

• ʔaffur = noble
• sabbur = compassionate
• ʔaqâṭ (m) = incense
• ʔèȝsö (f) = eagle
• kanufiyyö (f) = logic, reasoning, rationality; mathematics
• bilö (f) = woman
• tatugh = to narrate
• tatöghö (f) = epic
• ʔes = definite article
• bakh = under
• rith (m) = son
• tibh (m) = day
• băthurö (m) = god
• waqwâq (m) = frog
• tosugh (m) = copy
• zâr (m) = cat
• ṭazzâr (m) = turtle
• ħen, ħinn- (m) = evening
• ʔasâṭ (m) = colorful, bright in color
• safăȝ (m) = friend
• gâser (m) = world
• tiħönö (f) = segment, fragment
• ħaṭar = to swim
• narăkh (m) = current
• tsamm = against
  • Miħṭar tsamm ʔes-narăkh.

Words

Swadesh list

'am = I
'an = you
hen = he
'ammâ = we
'annâ = youse
hènnâ = they
xe < xay = who
xu < xū = what
xaddu < xaddu = where
xăbhakh < xibak = when
xam < xam = how
'ixxu < 'ixxū = why
ki < kī = not
rögh < rōg- = all
mâl = mother
te = father
xebhăr < xibr = fish
tibh < tīb = day
bezăȝ < bizȝ = cloud

Roots

• w-s-g: similar
• n-t-g: sing
• r-s-d: learn
• m-ʔ-r: go
• w-r-s: love
• b-n-s: hide
• ȝ-z-f: poke
• z-ħ-m: praise, honor
• ŋ-t-w: new
• k-n-f: reason
• h-ŋ-ts: empty, null
• ħ-d-k: warm
• ts-ŋ-ṭ: garden, horticulture
• g-m-z: letter, element
• s-b-r: compassion, sympathy
• f-x-r: agree, blend
• n-b-x: courage
• t-f-k: know
• y-r-f: roll
• f-ts-m: read
• ȝ-k-r: write
• z-r-b: true, firm
• x-d-ȝ: half, split
• f-s-T: step, stage
• ʔ-b-3: mind
• w-t-f: die
• t-ŋ-b: measure
• z-m-z-m: hesitate
• s-r-k: king, rule
• ħ-n-g: value
• ʔ-ṭ-r: punish
• k-m-n: say
• q-3-q-3: tile
• b-s-ŋ: clan, family
• b-ts-3: force, coerce
• r-ʔ-b: criticize
• f-s-q: beast
• q-ȝ-d: agree
• z-ȝ-n: comfort, solace
• ʔ-x-t: light, color
• y-d-x: compare, similar, metaphor
• s-f-3: dear
• w-d-r: equal, same
• ħ-g-r: different
• m-g-t: assign
• q-b-tx: shield, fortress
• q-z-r: hand over
• ts-b-s: show, exhibit
• ħ-r-k: open
• t-q-s: good, great
• ħ-n-r: use
• s-n-3: help
• f-t-ʔ: proud
• s-f-n: bold
• k-r-r: young
• k-ȝ-n: eternity
• ȝ-n: come
• ȝ-r-y: brood
• n-m-y: fall
• q-z-n: stop, settle
• b-r-ts: speak
• x-n-q: near
• ħ-ṭ-r: swim

Patterns

• 1a23 = noun
• 1a2ā3, 1a2ô3 = adjective, noun?
• 1a22ū3 = adjective
• ta12ū3 = noun
• ʔi12ā3 = noun
• 1ā2a3, 1ā2i3 = noun
• 1ô2a3 = noun

Numbers

ħaŋits rodh hez ṭuŋ miqâx fazzim ʔaŋbân qatzădh koʕâs riffuy tabhiŋ xǎdhuʕ zârukh

Phonology

Consonants

m n ŋ tʰ t kʰ k ʔ b d g f s ts ɬ tɬ ħ h z ʁ w ɾ j

⟨m n ŋ t ṭ k q ʔ b d g f s ts x tx ħ h z ȝ w r y⟩

Begadkefat: /t k b d g/ > /θ x v ð ɣ/ after a V; transliterated th kh bh dh gh (optional across word boundaries)

Vowels

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i /i(ː)/	[ɨ]	u /u(ː)/
Close-mid	e /e(ː)/	ö /ö(ː)/	o /o(ː)/
Open-mid	è /ɛ/	ă /ə/	ò /ɔ/
Near-open			á /ɒ(ː)/
Open	a /a/

Stress

In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.

Morphology

Netagin uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four, the latter mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots.

Prepositions

Prepositions inflect as in Celtic and Semitic languages.

Adpositions
Adposition	Case	Gloss
talN	genitive	from
qibhL	genitive	for the sake of
cíL	genitive	in order that
qrúthN	genitive	lest, in order that... not
ˁarN	instrumental	with (accompanying)
ˀelN	instrumental	without
déráˀL	accusative	because of
hídhL	accusative	towards
mašN	locative, accusative	in, within
celN	locative, accusative	above, over
dónL	genitive, accusative	on, about
nótzL	genitive, accusative	before, in front of
cadL	locative	when
tarN	locative, accusative	after, behind, for (locative)
meṭáˀL	locative, accusative	over, beyond, through
bachN	locative, accusative	below, under
ferrN	genitive, accusative	between, among
yirinL	genitive	instead of

Nouns

Classical Netagin has innovated a sex-based gender system with masculine and feminine genders:

1. Ancient Netagin had an honorific distinction which required agreement in verbs and adjectives.
2. In Late Ancient Netagin, the honorific developed into its own gender, often being used for big, sacred, specialized, or abstract things, in addition to people of high social status.
3. The word for "lady", bīlō, became the normal word for "woman" (like how Frau, formerly "lady", became the normal word for "woman" in German).
4. Thus, the former honorific agreement (in the third person) analogized to all women and became the feminine gender.

This led to many "great", "majestic", "sacred" or "specialized" objects being feminine in Classical Netagin.

Example declensions, with yaref (m) 'wheel' and ʔèȝăso (f) 'eagle':

Sample nouns

	Singulative		Collective		Plurative
	absolute	construct	absolute	construct	absolute	construct
Masculine	yaref	yăref	yărefu	yirfu	yărefâ	yirfâ
Feminine	ʔèȝsö	ʔèȝsön	ʔăȝâsönu	ʔèȝsönu	ʔăȝâsöbh	ʔèȝsöbh

Adjectives

Adjectives in -in decline as follows:

năthâghin 'Netagin'

	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Masculine	năthâghin	năthâghinu	năthâghinâ
Feminine	năthâghiyö	năthâghiyönu	năthâghiyöbh

Verbs

Binyanim

There are 12 binyanim:

• Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
• Binyan 2 contains many monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
• Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
• Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
• Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix be- (applicative).
• Binyan 6 - telic, intensive
• Binyan 7 - telic
• Binyan 8 - "X a little, almost X"
• Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice)
• Binyan 10 - "-le"
• Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes. Ex. ħădhádhekh 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
• Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"

Binyan	Imperfective	Perfective	Antipassive Participle	Passive Participle	Verbnoun
1	1â2a3	-i12a3	1ö2e3	1e2o3	1â2e3
2	1a2ö3	-a12u3	1â2i3	1â2u3	1â2â3
3	ʔa12i13	-uni12e3	bi11u2â3	ti11u2â3	ʔa12o3
4	ʔa1:â2e3	-i1ːe2u3	ba12a3	ta12a3	ʔa12a3ö
5	ta12u3	-ut1â2e3	but1â2o3	tut1â2o3	ta12ö3ö
6	ʔir1â2a3	-ur1e2o3	bur1e2o3	tur1e2o3	ʔur1â2e3
7	ʔirtă1â2o3	-urtă1â2e3	burtă1â2o3	turtă1â2o3	tirtă1â2ī3
8	ʔi21â2e3	-i21e2o3	bu21â2o3	tu21â2o3	ʔu21â2e3
9	1as2o3	-u1is2o3	bu1as2o3	tu1as2o3	tu1aš2e3
10	1ă2â2e3	-i12e2o3	bu12e2o3	tu12e2o3	ti12â2e3
11	1ă2â2u3	-i12â2o3	bu12â2o3	tu12â2o3	tu12â2e3
12	1i31a2o3	-i1i31e2o3	bu1i31â2o3	tu1i31â2o3	1i31â2e3

¹ Shortens to i when a suffix is added.

Affixes

Present tense affixes

	Singular	Dual-Coll.	Plural
1	-mi	-mū	-mā
2	-an -at (hon.)	-nū -tū (hon.)	-nā -tōb (hon.)
3	-∅ -ō (hon.)	-ū	-ā -ōb (hon.)

ʔabnis 'steal'

	Singular	Dual-Coll.	Plural
1	ʔabnismi	ʔabnismū	ʔabnismā
2	ʔabnisan	ʔabnisnū	ʔabnisnā
3	ʔabnis ʔabnisō (hon.)	ʔabnisū	ʔabnisā ʔabnisōb

Past tense affixes

	Singular	Dual-Coll.	Plural
1	m-	m-ū	m-ā
2	n- n-ō (hon.)	n-ū	n-ā n-ōb (hon.)
3	h- h-ō (hon.)	h-ū	h-ā h-ōb (hon.)

ʔabnis 'steal'

	Singular	Dual-Coll.	Plural
1	fibbinus	fibbinusū	fibbinusā
2	nibbinus	nibbinusū	nibbinusā
3	hibbinus hibbinusō (hon.)	hibbinusū	hibbinusā hibbinusōb (hon.)

Moods

ħaṭren = swim! (2sg)

ħaṭarnân = swim! (2pl)

ħaṭartun = swim! (polite, all numbers)

Syntax

Classical Netagin is consistently syntactically ergative. Unusually for an ergative language, it has absolutive-verb-ergative word order.

Sample texts

Tower of Babel

Badh, să-rögh ʔes-gâser rödh bărits dă-yăħinâ bhiȝâ.

then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M

Sem sa-făṭinehâ ʔaŋ-thimmux, qulats haroz hennâ dhă-hiqzaʔâ rân.

but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find 3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there.

Să-hibhrasâ, "ʔAtse, 3ammâ ʔaŋ-yăghâth [...]."

Miscellaneous

Poetry

Netagin poetry is similar to Hebrew piyyutim in structure.