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Usually Old Pomorian refers to a period from the VIIth to the late XIIIth centuries. During it Old Pomorian was spoken on a large territory of Northern Poland and South-Western Prussia.
Usually Old Pomorian refers to a period from the VIIth to the late XIIIth centuries. During it Old Pomorian was spoken on a large territory of Northern Poland and South-Western Prussia.
[[File:POMORZE_XII.png|450px|thumb|left|The area marked in green represents Pomorian majority on the territory in the XIIth-XIIIth centuries]]
[[File:POMORZE_XII.png|450px|thumb|left|The area marked in green represents Pomorian majority on the territory in the XIIth-XIIIth centuries]]
==Homeland and migration==
The history of Old Pomorian starts in the VIIth century during the [[w:Migration Period|Migration Period]]. Back then Pomorians lived in Polesie which is now the territory of South-Western Belarus and Eastern Poland. The ancestors of modern Pomorian people were also Baltic tribes, particularly Baltic Prussians.
The exact route of migration is not clear, however it is when a contact with Prussians started, so Pomorians probably headed north first (approximately Vth-VIth centuries) and then they moved to the west, where their current land is. Many Prussian loanwords entered the language during this time. The separation of Western and Eastern branches happened right after the migration had finnished with later mixing between them and creating other dialects.
==Phonology==
Here the Pomorian phonology of the XII century is represented. Some specific sound changes have not occured yet making the language more similar to its Baltic neighbours than to closer Slavic relatives.
===Consonants===
The consonant inventory was a bit smaller. Palatalization of velars only began in the Eastern dialect, and many other palatals were still sequences of dentals and "j" sound.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonants
! rowspan="1"  colspan="2" |
! rowspan="1" | Labial
! rowspan="1" | Dental
! rowspan="1" | Palato-alveolar
! rowspan="1" | Velar
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n̪
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! {{small| voiceless}}
| p
| t̪
|
| k
|-
! {{small| voiced}}
| b
| d̪
|
| g
|-
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! {{small| voiceless}}
|
|
| (t͡ɕ)
|
|-
! {{small| voiced}}
|
|
| (d͡ʑ)
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! {{small|voiceless}}
|
| s̪
| (ɕ)
| x
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
|
| z̪
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
| r
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| w
| l
| j
|
|-
|}
'''Note:'''
* /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/ sounds appeared as allophones before front vowels at that time only in Eastern dialect, while in Western one they probably stayed as /kʲ/ and /gʲ/ respectively, while the /ɕ/ sound was in every dialect (but has a different outcome in each group).
===Vowels===
The system of vowels was symmetric in Old Pomorian meaning that all the vowels could be either long or short. During this period the language completely lacked the /o/ sound, typical in modern Pomorian, but it appeared near the end of the XIII century, then turning into /uo/ in Western dialect and later in the rest except Eastern and South-Eastern where it preserved as /oː/
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
|+ Long vowels
!
! colspan="1" | Front || colspan="1" | Back
|-
! Close
| i: || u:
|-
! Open-mid
| ɛ:~æ:
|
|-
! Open
|
| ɑː
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
|+ Short vowels
!
! Front||| Back
|-
! Close
| i || u
|-
! Open-mid
| ɛ~æ
|
|-
! Open
|
| ɑ
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
* /ɑ/ and its long counterpart /ɑː/ could possibly be central rather than back. However it is disputed.
* It is not known, whether Old Pomorian had nasal vowels or they were sequences of an oral vowel and a nasal consonant. Even nowadays in modern Western dialects nasal vowels do not appear after stops.
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
|+ Diphthongs
!
! i || u || l || m || n || r
|-
! e
| ei
| jau
| el
| em
| en
| er
|-
! ē
| ēi
| (jāu)
| ēl
| ēm
| ēn
| ēr
|-
! a
| ai
| au
| al
| am
| an
| ar
|-
! ā
| āi
| āu
| āl
| ām
| ān
| ār
|-
! i
|
|
| il
| im
| in
| ir
|-
! u
|
|
| ul
| um
| un
| ur
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
* All diphthongs could be either descending (with an acute intonation) and long or ascending (with a circumflex intonation) and short.
* The ''jāu'' diphthong is not directly attested.
* Phonetically speaking sequences of a vowel and an approximant were not real diphthongs, but they also were descending or ascending and took part in ablaut.
===Prosody===
Old Pomorian was a pitch-accented language. Little can be found out about its stress from the few attestations but it is generally considered to be very similar to modern Pomorian. There were also two different types of accent - acute and circumflex, but it is not accepted whether acute was the falling and circumflex - the rising accent. According to the newest data and


[[Category:Pamarėska]]
[[Category:Pamarėska]]

Revision as of 18:35, 23 August 2017

Old Pomorian language
(Vėtuhapamarėska gålba)
POMORZE XII-copy.png
Pronunciation[/ˈʋeː.tʊ.ɦɑ.pɑ.ˈma:.reː.skɑ/]
Created byRaistas
SettingParallel World
Indo-European
  • Old Pomorian language
Early forms
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Old Pomorian (Vėtuhapamarėska gålba in Pomorian) is a Balto-Slavic language which is a direct ancestor of modern Pomorian. It's own ancestor could possibly be Proto-Balto-Slavic itself, but because the language shares many common sound changes and vocabulary with Proto-Slavic most scholars agree that the Pomorian language descends from a dialect of Early Proto-Slavic.

Usually Old Pomorian refers to a period from the VIIth to the late XIIIth centuries. During it Old Pomorian was spoken on a large territory of Northern Poland and South-Western Prussia.

The area marked in green represents Pomorian majority on the territory in the XIIth-XIIIth centuries

Homeland and migration

The history of Old Pomorian starts in the VIIth century during the Migration Period. Back then Pomorians lived in Polesie which is now the territory of South-Western Belarus and Eastern Poland. The ancestors of modern Pomorian people were also Baltic tribes, particularly Baltic Prussians.

The exact route of migration is not clear, however it is when a contact with Prussians started, so Pomorians probably headed north first (approximately Vth-VIth centuries) and then they moved to the west, where their current land is. Many Prussian loanwords entered the language during this time. The separation of Western and Eastern branches happened right after the migration had finnished with later mixing between them and creating other dialects.

Phonology

Here the Pomorian phonology of the XII century is represented. Some specific sound changes have not occured yet making the language more similar to its Baltic neighbours than to closer Slavic relatives.

Consonants

The consonant inventory was a bit smaller. Palatalization of velars only began in the Eastern dialect, and many other palatals were still sequences of dentals and "j" sound.

Consonants
Labial Dental Palato-alveolar Velar
Nasal m
Plosive voiceless p k
voiced b g
Affricate voiceless (t͡ɕ)
voiced (d͡ʑ)
Fricative voiceless (ɕ) x
voiced
Trill r
Approximant w l j

Note:

  • /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/ sounds appeared as allophones before front vowels at that time only in Eastern dialect, while in Western one they probably stayed as /kʲ/ and /gʲ/ respectively, while the /ɕ/ sound was in every dialect (but has a different outcome in each group).

Vowels

The system of vowels was symmetric in Old Pomorian meaning that all the vowels could be either long or short. During this period the language completely lacked the /o/ sound, typical in modern Pomorian, but it appeared near the end of the XIII century, then turning into /uo/ in Western dialect and later in the rest except Eastern and South-Eastern where it preserved as /oː/

Long vowels
Front Back
Close i: u:
Open-mid ɛ:~æ:
Open ɑː
Short vowels
Front Back
Close i u
Open-mid ɛ~æ
Open ɑ

Notes:

  • /ɑ/ and its long counterpart /ɑː/ could possibly be central rather than back. However it is disputed.
  • It is not known, whether Old Pomorian had nasal vowels or they were sequences of an oral vowel and a nasal consonant. Even nowadays in modern Western dialects nasal vowels do not appear after stops.
Diphthongs
i u l m n r
e ei jau el em en er
ē ēi (jāu) ēl ēm ēn ēr
a ai au al am an ar
ā āi āu āl ām ān ār
i il im in ir
u ul um un ur

Notes:

  • All diphthongs could be either descending (with an acute intonation) and long or ascending (with a circumflex intonation) and short.
  • The jāu diphthong is not directly attested.
  • Phonetically speaking sequences of a vowel and an approximant were not real diphthongs, but they also were descending or ascending and took part in ablaut.

Prosody

Old Pomorian was a pitch-accented language. Little can be found out about its stress from the few attestations but it is generally considered to be very similar to modern Pomorian. There were also two different types of accent - acute and circumflex, but it is not accepted whether acute was the falling and circumflex - the rising accent. According to the newest data and